Lecture 7 Flashcards
Muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement
Prime Mover (Agonist)
Muscle that does opposite action of an Agonist
Antagonist
Helpers to the Agonist
Synergists
adds force to a movement and reduces unwanted movements
Muscles that immovilize a bone or muscle’s origin
Fixators (super-agonists)
When fascicles run parallel to the long axis of muscle
Parallel
Spindle-shaped muscles
Fusiform
Short fascicles that attach obliquely to a central tendon running the length of muscle
Pennate
unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
Fascicles converge from broad origin to single tendon
Convergent
Fascicles are arranged in concentric rings
Circular
Sphincters
Pivot point, usually fixed, sometimes a joint
Fulcrum
Bone that pivots
lever
Force applied to a lever
Effort
Resistance moved by the effort
Load
The fulcrum is between the load and the effort
first class
see-saw, scissors
The load is betwen the fulcrum and the effort
second class
head on top of spine, wheelbarrow, standing on tip toes
the effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load
third class
bicep curls
Two parts of the occipitofrontalis muscle
frontalis (anterior)
galea aponeurotica (nuerosis)
occipitalis (posterior)
function of occipitofrontalis
scalp forward and back, raise eyebrows in schock/surprise, wrinkles forhead, smiling, yawning, wiggling ears
11 muscles of face innervated by
Cranial nerve vii, Facial Nerve
blinker, squinter
orbicularis oculi
kissing, whistling
orbicularis oris
elevate upper eyelid
levator palpebrae
muscular cheek, assists whistling, blowing
buccinator
smile
zygomaticus major/minor
prime movers for mastication
temporalis and masseter
grinding movements in chewing
medial and lateral pterygoids
All four major mastication muscles innervated by
trigeminal nerve (V), mandibular branch (V3)
elevate and restract the mandible
temporalis
elevate and protract mandible
masseter
protrude mantible, deviate contralaterally (to opposite side)
medial pterygoids
protrude mantible, deviate contralaterally (to opposite side)
lateral pterygoids
tongue muscles innervated by
Cranial Nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve)
Three tongue muscles
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
forms bulk of tongue, depresses and protrudes tongue, implicated in sleep apnea
Genioglossus
retract the tongue, and create a hollow in the center of the tongue for swallowing
Styloglossus
depress the lateral sides of the tongue inferiorly
Hyoglossus
deppress hyoid
infrahyoid
elevate hyoid
suprahyoid
Posterior traingle border muscles
Anterior - sternocleidomastoid
Posterior - trapezius
Inferior - middle third of clavicle
Anterior triangle border muscles
Anterior - Midline of neck
Posterior - Sternocleidomastoid
Superior - mandible
Major head flexor
sternocleidomastoid
synergists to head flexion
supra and infra hydoid
lateral head movements
SCM and scalene
head extension
deep splenius, aided by superficial trapezius
Splenius muscles run
obliquely
Splenius muscles used unilaterally
rotate and laterally flex ipsilaterally
Splenius used bilaterally
extend neck
Splenius used bilaterally
extend neck
Prime mover of back extension
erector spinae, sacrospinalis
From lateral to medial, erector spinae muscles
Illiocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
Function of back muscle layers 1-3
superficial and move limbs
Function of back muscle layers 4-6
deep and move vertebral column and aid in posture
Superficial back muscles
Layer 1
trapezius, latissimus dorsi
Superficial back muscles
Layer 2
Rhomboid maj and min, lavator scapulae
Superficial back muscles
Layer 3
Serratus posterior superior (elevates ribs, inspiration)
Serratus posterior inferios (depresses ribs, expiration)
Deep back muscles
Layer 4
Splenius capitis and cervicis
Deep back muscles
Layer 5
Erector spinae group (3 divisions)
iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
Deep back muscles
Layer 6
rotatores – extend 1-2 segments
multifidus – extend 3-4 segments
semispinalis – extend >4 segments
interspinales – SP to SP
intertransversarii – TP to TP
rotatores – extend 1-2 segments
Multifidus
Semispinalis
interspinales
intertransversarii
Muscles for breathing
External intercostals, internal intercostals, diaphragm
Nerve supply to diaphragm
Phrenic nerve, C3-C5
“3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive!”
muscles of abdominal wall
internal and external obliques
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis
Fascicles of abdominal muscles run at right/oblique angles, called
orthogonal, adds strength
Connective tissues of abdominal wall
pelvic diaphragm is composed of what two mucles
levator ani
coccygeus
Go to text book if you care