Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is anitomical position?
- Body erect
- Feet slightly apart
- Palms facing forward
- Thumbs point away from body
How do you say
Toward and away from the head
superior and inferior
How do you say
Toward the front and back of the body
Anterior and posterior
How do you say
Toward the midline, away from the midline
Medial and lateral
How do you say
Closer and farther from the origin of the body
Proximal and distal
How do you say
Toward and away from the body surface
Superficial and deep
Name these six regions
Name these six regions of the trunk
Name these eight regions of the upper limb
Name these ten regions of the lower body
Name the six regions on the posterior upper limb
Name these six regions on the posterior lower limb
Name these three regions on the posterior head and neck
Name these six regions of the posterior trunk
Name the four body planes
-Sagittal (divides into left and right)
-Frontal or coronal (divides into anterior/posterior)
-Transverse or horizontal (divides into superior and inferior)
-Oblique (diagonal)
Name the four basic tissue types
1-Epithelial
2-Connective
3-Muscle
4-Nerve
Name the three types of nerve tissue
Internal communication
-Brain
-Spinal cord
-Nerves
Name the three types of muscle tissue
Contracts to cause movement
-Muscle attached to bones (Skeletal)
-Muscle of the heart (Cardiac)
-Muscle of the walls of hollow organs (Smooth)
Name the two types of epithelial tissue
Forms boundaries, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters
-Lining of digestive and other hollow organs
-Skin surface (Epidermis)
Name the three types of connective tissue
Supports, protects, binds
-Bones
-Tendons and ligaments
-Fat and other soft padding tissue
Name the three shapes of Epithelial cells
-Squamous (flat)
-Cuboidal
-Columnar
Name the functions of simple squamous epithelia
-Diffusion and filtration
-Provide a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymph and CV systems
In Kidney glomeruli, heart lining, blood vessels, lymph vessels, serosae
Name the functions of simple cuboidal epithelia
Secretion and absorbtion
In Kidney tubules, ducts, secretory parts of glands, ovary surface
Name the functions of simple columnar epithelia
Absorption and secretion
Goblet cells, can be cilliated, DG tract, GB, bronchi, uter(us)ine tubes
Functions of psuedostratified columnar epithelia
Secretion and propulsion of mucus
1 layer, diff hts, nuclei or not, cilia or not, trachea and vas deferens
Name the functions of stratified squamous epithelia
Protections of underlying areas subjected to abrasion
Thick many layers (keratin), skin, esophagus, mouth, vagina (no keratin)
Name the functions of transitional epithelia (Urothelium)
Stretches to permit the distension of the urinary bladder
Base cuboidal/columnar w/domed/squamous top. UB, ureters, part o’urethra
Name the two kinds of glands and the difference between them
1-Endocrine
2-Exocrine
Endo are ductless and produce hormones. They secrete amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins and steroids (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal cortex, etc) directly into blood stream
Exo are more numerous, secrete products onto skin or into body cavities. They secrete things like mucus, sweat, oil, saliva (pancreas and liver as well). Unicellular are goblet cells, multicellular are glands with ducts.
What are the different modes of secretion
-Merocrine/Exocytosis
-Holocrine/Rupture of gland cells
Name the four types of connective tissue
1-Connective tissue proper
2-Cartilage
3-Bone
4-Blood
Name the five functions of connective tissue
1-Binding
2-Support
3-Protection
4-Insulation
5-Transportation
Common embryonic origin and its four connective cell descendants
Mesenchyme, which transforms into:
1-Fibrocytes, which become loose and dense connective tissue proper
2-Chondroctytes, which become hyaline, fibro- and elastic cartilage
3-Osteocyte, which becomes compact and spongy bone
4-Blood cells and macrophages (from hematopoietic stem cells), which differentiate into a complex aray of blood cells.
Name the three structural elements of connective tissue
1-Ground substance (fills space b/t cells)
2-Fibers (collagen, elastic or reticular)
3-Cells (fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells)
Ground substance is made from
Interstitial tissue (fluid)
Adhesion proteins (fibronectin and laminin)
FXns as molecular sieve
What are the three kinds of fibers in conn. tissue
Collagen (tough, provides tensile strength)
Elastic (long, thin fibers that allow for stretch)
Reticular (branched, form delicate networks)
Embryonic connective tissue
Mesenchyme!
Name two categories of connective tissue proper
Loose and Dense
Name the three kinds of loose connective tissue proper
Areolar (cushions organs)
Adipose (food stores, under skin, around KD, ab, boobs)
Reticular (soft skeleton - STROMA - lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)
Name the three kinds of dense connective tissue proper
Regular (tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses)
Irregular (dermis, GI, fibrous organ and join capsules)
Elastic (arteries, verterbral ligaments, bronchi)
Name the three kinds of cartilage
Hyaline (hard, ends of bones, trachea, larynx)
Elastic (similar but more elastic, ear and epiglottis)
Fibrocartilage (shocks, vertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci)
Cell type in bones and their location
Osteocytes in well-vascularized lacunae
The process of making blood
hematopoeises
Name of red blood cells
Erythrocytes
Name of white blood cells
Leukocytes
Collagen Type
Skin, tendon, vascular ligature, organs, bone (main component of the organic part of bone)
Collagen I
Collagen Type
Cartilage (main component of cartilage)
Collagen II
Collagen Type
Reticulate (main component of reticular fibers),
commonly found alongside type I
Collagen III
Collagen Type
Forms basal lamina, the epithelium-secreted layer of the basement membrane
Collagen IV
Collagen Type
Cell surfaces, hair and placenta
Collagen V
Collagen disorder
Mutation in type I collagen
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Collagen disorder
Mutation in type II collagen
Chondrodysplasias
Collagen disorder
Ten different mutations identified affecting types I, III, V collagen
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Collagen disorder
Mutation in type IV collagen
Alport syndrome
Collagen disorder
Mutation in type X, V, III collagen
Knobloch syndrome
