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A+P 1 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anitomical position?

A
  • Body erect
  • Feet slightly apart
  • Palms facing forward
  • Thumbs point away from body
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2
Q

How do you say

Toward and away from the head

A

superior and inferior

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3
Q

How do you say

Toward the front and back of the body

A

Anterior and posterior

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4
Q

How do you say

Toward the midline, away from the midline

A

Medial and lateral

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5
Q

How do you say

Closer and farther from the origin of the body

A

Proximal and distal

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6
Q

How do you say

Toward and away from the body surface

A

Superficial and deep

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7
Q

Name these six regions

A
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8
Q

Name these six regions of the trunk

A
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9
Q

Name these eight regions of the upper limb

A
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10
Q

Name these ten regions of the lower body

A
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11
Q

Name the six regions on the posterior upper limb

A
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12
Q

Name these six regions on the posterior lower limb

A
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13
Q

Name these three regions on the posterior head and neck

A
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14
Q

Name these six regions of the posterior trunk

A
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15
Q

Name the four body planes

A

-Sagittal (divides into left and right)
-Frontal or coronal (divides into anterior/posterior)
-Transverse or horizontal (divides into superior and inferior)
-Oblique (diagonal)

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16
Q

Name the four basic tissue types

A

1-Epithelial
2-Connective
3-Muscle
4-Nerve

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17
Q

Name the three types of nerve tissue

Internal communication

A

-Brain
-Spinal cord
-Nerves

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18
Q

Name the three types of muscle tissue

Contracts to cause movement

A

-Muscle attached to bones (Skeletal)
-Muscle of the heart (Cardiac)
-Muscle of the walls of hollow organs (Smooth)

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19
Q

Name the two types of epithelial tissue

Forms boundaries, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters

A

-Lining of digestive and other hollow organs
-Skin surface (Epidermis)

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20
Q

Name the three types of connective tissue

Supports, protects, binds

A

-Bones
-Tendons and ligaments
-Fat and other soft padding tissue

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21
Q

Name the three shapes of Epithelial cells

A

-Squamous (flat)
-Cuboidal
-Columnar

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22
Q

Name the functions of simple squamous epithelia

A

-Diffusion and filtration
-Provide a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymph and CV systems

In Kidney glomeruli, heart lining, blood vessels, lymph vessels, serosae

23
Q

Name the functions of simple cuboidal epithelia

A

Secretion and absorbtion

In Kidney tubules, ducts, secretory parts of glands, ovary surface

24
Q

Name the functions of simple columnar epithelia

A

Absorption and secretion

Goblet cells, can be cilliated, DG tract, GB, bronchi, uter(us)ine tubes

25
Q

Functions of psuedostratified columnar epithelia

A

Secretion and propulsion of mucus

1 layer, diff hts, nuclei or not, cilia or not, trachea and vas deferens

26
Q

Name the functions of stratified squamous epithelia

A

Protections of underlying areas subjected to abrasion

Thick many layers (keratin), skin, esophagus, mouth, vagina (no keratin)

27
Q

Name the functions of transitional epithelia (Urothelium)

A

Stretches to permit the distension of the urinary bladder

Base cuboidal/columnar w/domed/squamous top. UB, ureters, part o’urethra

28
Q

Name the two kinds of glands and the difference between them

A

1-Endocrine
2-Exocrine
Endo are ductless and produce hormones. They secrete amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins and steroids (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal cortex, etc) directly into blood stream
Exo are more numerous, secrete products onto skin or into body cavities. They secrete things like mucus, sweat, oil, saliva (pancreas and liver as well). Unicellular are goblet cells, multicellular are glands with ducts.

29
Q

What are the different modes of secretion

A

-Merocrine/Exocytosis
-Holocrine/Rupture of gland cells

30
Q

Name the four types of connective tissue

A

1-Connective tissue proper
2-Cartilage
3-Bone
4-Blood

31
Q

Name the five functions of connective tissue

A

1-Binding
2-Support
3-Protection
4-Insulation
5-Transportation

32
Q

Common embryonic origin and its four connective cell descendants

A

Mesenchyme, which transforms into:
1-Fibrocytes, which become loose and dense connective tissue proper
2-Chondroctytes, which become hyaline, fibro- and elastic cartilage
3-Osteocyte, which becomes compact and spongy bone
4-Blood cells and macrophages (from hematopoietic stem cells), which differentiate into a complex aray of blood cells.

33
Q

Name the three structural elements of connective tissue

A

1-Ground substance (fills space b/t cells)
2-Fibers (collagen, elastic or reticular)
3-Cells (fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells)

34
Q

Ground substance is made from

A

Interstitial tissue (fluid)
Adhesion proteins (fibronectin and laminin)
FXns as molecular sieve

35
Q

What are the three kinds of fibers in conn. tissue

A

Collagen (tough, provides tensile strength)
Elastic (long, thin fibers that allow for stretch)
Reticular (branched, form delicate networks)

36
Q

Embryonic connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme!

37
Q

Name two categories of connective tissue proper

A

Loose and Dense

38
Q

Name the three kinds of loose connective tissue proper

A

Areolar (cushions organs)
Adipose (food stores, under skin, around KD, ab, boobs)
Reticular (soft skeleton - STROMA - lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)

39
Q

Name the three kinds of dense connective tissue proper

A

Regular (tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses)
Irregular (dermis, GI, fibrous organ and join capsules)
Elastic (arteries, verterbral ligaments, bronchi)

40
Q

Name the three kinds of cartilage

A

Hyaline (hard, ends of bones, trachea, larynx)
Elastic (similar but more elastic, ear and epiglottis)
Fibrocartilage (shocks, vertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci)

41
Q

Cell type in bones and their location

A

Osteocytes in well-vascularized lacunae

42
Q

The process of making blood

A

hematopoeises

43
Q

Name of red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

44
Q

Name of white blood cells

A

Leukocytes

45
Q

Collagen Type

Skin, tendon, vascular ligature, organs, bone (main component of the organic part of bone)

A

Collagen I

46
Q

Collagen Type

Cartilage (main component of cartilage)

A

Collagen II

47
Q

Collagen Type

Reticulate (main component of reticular fibers),
commonly found alongside type I

A

Collagen III

48
Q

Collagen Type

Forms basal lamina, the epithelium-secreted layer of the basement membrane

A

Collagen IV

49
Q

Collagen Type

Cell surfaces, hair and placenta

A

Collagen V

50
Q

Collagen disorder

Mutation in type I collagen

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

51
Q

Collagen disorder

Mutation in type II collagen

A

Chondrodysplasias

52
Q

Collagen disorder

Ten different mutations identified affecting types I, III, V collagen

A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

53
Q

Collagen disorder

Mutation in type IV collagen

A

Alport syndrome

54
Q

Collagen disorder

Mutation in type X, V, III collagen

A

Knobloch syndrome

A+P 1 (12 decks)

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