Lecture 3 Flashcards by Jesse Sachs

Three fxns of bone markings

1-Sites of attafchment for muscles, tendons and ligaments
2-Joint surfaces
3- Consduits for blood vessels and nerves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Projections (sites of attachment)

large, blunt, irregular surface

Trochanter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Projections (sites of attachment)

rounded projection

Tuberosity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Projections (sites of attachment)

Trochanter
Tuberosity
Tubercle
Spine
Crest
Line

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Projections (sites of attachment)

small rounded projection

Tubercle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Projections (sites of attachment)

sharp, slender projection

Spine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Projections (sites of attachment)

narrow, prominent ridge of bone

crest

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Projections (sites of attachment)

narrow ridge of bone

line

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Projections (sites of attachment)

raised area above a condyle

epicondyle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Projections (sites of attachment)

any bony prominence

process

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Projections (that form joints)

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

head

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Projections (that form joints)

rounded articular projection

condyle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Projections (that form joints)

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

facet

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bone markings (depressions and openings)

canal-like passageway

meatus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bone markings (depressions and openings)

round of oval opening through a bone

foramen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bone markings (depressions and openings)

cavity within a bone

sinus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bone markings (depressions and openings)

A furrow

Groove

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bone markings (depressions and openings)

Shallow, basin-like depression

Fossa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bone markings (depressions and openings)

Narrow, slit-like opening

Fissure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Outer layer of bone

Compact

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Honeycomb of TRABECULAE filled with red marrow

Spongy, Cancellous

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tubular shaft of long bones containing yellow bone marrow

Diaphysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Expanded ends of long bones, partly covered in hyaline cartilage

Epiphyses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Line that separates diaphysis from the Epiphyses

Epiphyseal line

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where the diaphysis merges with the epiphysis

metaphysis

Innervated vascularized sheath around bones

Periosteum, held on by perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

delicate membrane covering internal survace of bone

endosteum

a subclass of trabeculae in the skull bones

Diploë

the structural unit of compact bone

osteon

weight-bearing column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen

Lamella

central channel in lamella containing vessels and nerves

Haversian, or Central

Laterally running channels connecting periosteum and Haversian canal

Volkmann's canals

mature bone cells

Osteocytes

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

lacunae

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal in lamellae

canaliculi

Osteoid-forming cells

Osteoblasts

large cells that resorb or break down bone

Osteoclast

unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and collagen

osteoid

Mineral salts that make up 65% of bone mass

Hydroxypatites

fomation of bone

osteogenesis

# two types of osteogenesis Bone develops from a fibrous membrane

intramembranous ossification

# two types of ossification bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

endochondral ossification

Kinds of bones formed by intramembranous development

flat bones

kinds of bones made through endochondral ossification

most long-bones, embryonic replacements of hyaline cartiage models

growth plate in long bones

epiphyseal plate

# bone remodeling units bone deposition at

periosteal surface (diaphysis)

# bone remodeling units bone resorption at

endosteal surface (epiphysis)

requires a diet rich in protein, vitamins C, D, and A, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese

bone deposition

Bone remodeling controlled by two mechanisms

1. hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostasis in the blood 2. mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton

# hormonal bone remodeling - what happens when: rising blood Ca2+ levels trigger the thyroid to release calcitonin

calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone

# hormonal responses in bone remodeling falling blood Ca2+ levels signal the parathyroid glands to release PTH [parathyroid hormone]

PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood

The name of this law: A bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it

Wolff's Law

caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency

Osteomalacia | Softened, weakened bones, pain upon weighting

caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency IN CHILDREN

Rickets

Reduced bone density

Osteopenia | Seen with many diseases

A group of diseases in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition

Osteoporosis

Treatments of Osteoporosis

 calcium and vitamin D supplements  increased weight-bearing exercise  hormone [estrogen] replacement therapy [HRT] slows bone loss − estrogen inhibits osteoclasts  progesterone new bone growth − stimulates osteoblasts  statins increase bone mineral density − inhibit osteoclasts  ℞: Fosamax, Boniva, Actonel [bisphophanates]

Three joint classes

Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

# What are the properties of this kind of joint: Synarthroses

"immovable", fibrous

# What are the properties of this kind of joint: Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable, cartilaginous

# What are the properties of this kind of joint: Diarthroses

freely movable, synovial joints

Three types of synarthroses

Sutures (skull joints) Syndesmosis (short ligaments between bones) Gomphosis (teeth, held by periodontal ligament)

when skull bones fuse in middle age

synostoses

Syndesmosis are made up of

fibrous tissue ligament

Two kinds of cartilaginous joints | AMPHIARTHROSES

Synchondroses Symphyses

Bones united by hyaline cartilage

Bones united by fibrocartilage

Parts of synovial joints

Name the two muscle attachments across a joint

Origin (on immovable bone) Insertion (on movable bone)

# Four Ranges of Motion Slipping movements only

NonAxial

# Four Ranges of Motion Movement in ONE place

UniAxial

# Four Ranges of Motion Movement in two planes

BiAxial

# Four Ranges of Motion Movement in all three planes

MultiAxial, TriAxial

# Angular movement Bending movement that decreases the angle of the join

Flexion

# Angular movement Reverse of flexion, angle is increased

Extension

# Angular movement Foot moves up at ankle joint

Dorsiflexion

# Angular movement Foot moves down at ankle joint

Plantar flexion

# Angular movement Movement away from midline

Abduction

# Angular movement Movement toward the midline

Adduction

# Angular movement Movement describes a cone in space

Circumduction

# Angular movement Movement of bone around its own long axis

Rotation

# Complex movements Anterior movement in transverse plane

Protraction

# Complex movements Posterior movement in transverse plane

Retraction

# Complex movements Body part lifted superiorly

Elevation

# Complex movements Body part moved inferiorly

Depression

# Complex movements Touching of pollex to remaining fingertips

Opposition

Types of synovial joints

Plane (slipping) Hinge (elbow, finger joints) Pivot (atlas, radioullnar) Condyloid (knuckles, wrist) Saddle joints (like condyloid but freer, thumb knuckle) Ball and Socket (hip, shoulder)

Grades of sprains

Partial dislocation of a joint

Subluxation

Common arthritis that affects 85% of people

Osteoarthritis

Autoimmune arthritis

Rheumatoid

Deposition of acid crystals in joints

Gouty arthritis