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A+P 1 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Three fxns of bone markings

A

1-Sites of attafchment for muscles, tendons and ligaments
2-Joint surfaces
3- Consduits for blood vessels and nerves

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2
Q

Projections (sites of attachment)

large, blunt, irregular surface

A

Trochanter

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3
Q

Projections (sites of attachment)

rounded projection

A

Tuberosity

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4
Q

Projections (sites of attachment)

A

Trochanter
Tuberosity
Tubercle
Spine
Crest
Line

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5
Q

Projections (sites of attachment)

small rounded projection

A

Tubercle

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6
Q

Projections (sites of attachment)

sharp, slender projection

A

Spine

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7
Q

Projections (sites of attachment)

narrow, prominent ridge of bone

A

crest

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8
Q

Projections (sites of attachment)

narrow ridge of bone

A

line

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9
Q

Projections (sites of attachment)

raised area above a condyle

A

epicondyle

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10
Q

Projections (sites of attachment)

any bony prominence

A

process

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11
Q

Projections (that form joints)

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

A

head

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12
Q

Projections (that form joints)

rounded articular projection

A

condyle

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13
Q

Projections (that form joints)

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

A

facet

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14
Q

Bone markings (depressions and openings)

canal-like passageway

A

meatus

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15
Q

Bone markings (depressions and openings)

round of oval opening through a bone

A

foramen

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16
Q

Bone markings (depressions and openings)

cavity within a bone

A

sinus

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17
Q

Bone markings (depressions and openings)

A furrow

A

Groove

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18
Q

Bone markings (depressions and openings)

Shallow, basin-like depression

A

Fossa

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19
Q

Bone markings (depressions and openings)

Narrow, slit-like opening

A

Fissure

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20
Q

Outer layer of bone

A

Compact

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21
Q

Honeycomb of TRABECULAE filled with red marrow

A

Spongy, Cancellous

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22
Q

Tubular shaft of long bones containing yellow bone marrow

A

Diaphysis

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23
Q

Expanded ends of long bones, partly covered in hyaline cartilage

A

Epiphyses

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24
Q

Line that separates diaphysis from the Epiphyses

A

Epiphyseal line

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25
Q

Where the diaphysis merges with the epiphysis

A

metaphysis

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26
Q

Innervated vascularized sheath around bones

A

Periosteum, held on by perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

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27
Q

delicate membrane covering internal survace of bone

A

endosteum

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28
Q

a subclass of trabeculae in the skull bones

A

Diploë

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29
Q

the structural unit of compact bone

A

osteon

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30
Q

weight-bearing column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen

A

Lamella

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31
Q

central channel in lamella containing vessels and nerves

A

Haversian, or Central

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32
Q

Laterally running channels connecting periosteum and Haversian canal

A

Volkmann’s canals

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33
Q

mature bone cells

A

Osteocytes

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34
Q

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

A

lacunae

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35
Q

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal in lamellae

A

canaliculi

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36
Q

Osteoid-forming cells

A

Osteoblasts

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37
Q

large cells that resorb or break down bone

A

Osteoclast

38
Q

unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and collagen

A

osteoid

39
Q

Mineral salts that make up 65% of bone mass

A

Hydroxypatites

40
Q

fomation of bone

A

osteogenesis

41
Q

two types of osteogenesis

Bone develops from a fibrous membrane

A

intramembranous ossification

42
Q

two types of ossification

bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

A

endochondral ossification

43
Q

Kinds of bones formed by intramembranous development

A

flat bones

44
Q

kinds of bones made through endochondral ossification

A

most long-bones, embryonic replacements of hyaline cartiage models

45
Q

growth plate in long bones

A

epiphyseal plate

46
Q

bone remodeling units

bone deposition at

A

periosteal surface (diaphysis)

47
Q

bone remodeling units

bone resorption at

A

endosteal surface (epiphysis)

48
Q

requires a diet rich in protein, vitamins C, D, and A, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese

A

bone deposition

49
Q

Bone remodeling controlled by two mechanisms

A
  1. hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostasis in
    the blood
  2. mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton
50
Q

hormonal bone remodeling - what happens when:

rising blood Ca2+ levels trigger the thyroid to release calcitonin

A

calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone

51
Q

hormonal responses in bone remodeling

falling blood Ca2+ levels signal the parathyroid glands to release PTH [parathyroid hormone]

A

PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood

52
Q

The name of this law:

A bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it

A

Wolff’s Law

53
Q

caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency

A

Osteomalacia

Softened, weakened bones, pain upon weighting

54
Q

caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency IN CHILDREN

A

Rickets

55
Q

Reduced bone density

A

Osteopenia

Seen with many diseases

56
Q

A group of diseases in which bone reabsorption outpaces
bone deposition

A

Osteoporosis

57
Q

Treatments of Osteoporosis

A

 calcium and vitamin D supplements
 increased weight-bearing exercise
 hormone [estrogen] replacement therapy [HRT] slows bone loss
− estrogen inhibits osteoclasts
 progesterone new bone growth
− stimulates osteoblasts
 statins increase bone mineral density
− inhibit osteoclasts
 ℞: Fosamax, Boniva, Actonel [bisphophanates]

58
Q

Three joint classes

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

59
Q

What are the properties of this kind of joint:

Synarthroses

A

“immovable”, fibrous

60
Q

What are the properties of this kind of joint:

Amphiarthroses

A

Slightly movable, cartilaginous

61
Q

What are the properties of this kind of joint:

Diarthroses

A

freely movable, synovial joints

62
Q

Three types of synarthroses

A

Sutures (skull joints)
Syndesmosis (short ligaments between bones)
Gomphosis (teeth, held by periodontal ligament)

63
Q

when skull bones fuse in middle age

A

synostoses

64
Q

Syndesmosis are made up of

A

fibrous tissue ligament

65
Q

Two kinds of cartilaginous joints

AMPHIARTHROSES

A

Synchondroses
Symphyses

66
Q

Bones united by hyaline cartilage

A
67
Q

Bones united by fibrocartilage

A
68
Q

Parts of synovial joints

A
69
Q

Name the two muscle attachments across a joint

A

Origin (on immovable bone)
Insertion (on movable bone)

70
Q

Four Ranges of Motion

Slipping movements only

A

NonAxial

71
Q

Four Ranges of Motion

Movement in ONE place

A

UniAxial

72
Q

Four Ranges of Motion

Movement in two planes

A

BiAxial

73
Q

Four Ranges of Motion

Movement in all three planes

A

MultiAxial, TriAxial

74
Q

Angular movement

Bending movement that decreases the angle of the join

A

Flexion

75
Q

Angular movement

Reverse of flexion, angle is increased

A

Extension

76
Q

Angular movement

Foot moves up at ankle joint

A

Dorsiflexion

77
Q

Angular movement

Foot moves down at ankle joint

A

Plantar flexion

78
Q

Angular movement

Movement away from midline

A

Abduction

79
Q

Angular movement

Movement toward the midline

A

Adduction

80
Q

Angular movement

Movement describes a cone in space

A

Circumduction

81
Q

Angular movement

Movement of bone around its own long axis

A

Rotation

82
Q

Complex movements

Anterior movement in transverse plane

A

Protraction

83
Q

Complex movements

Posterior movement in transverse plane

A

Retraction

84
Q

Complex movements

Body part lifted superiorly

A

Elevation

85
Q

Complex movements

Body part moved inferiorly

A

Depression

86
Q

Complex movements

Touching of pollex to remaining fingertips

A

Opposition

87
Q

Types of synovial joints

A

Plane (slipping)
Hinge (elbow, finger joints)
Pivot (atlas, radioullnar)
Condyloid (knuckles, wrist)
Saddle joints (like condyloid but freer, thumb knuckle)
Ball and Socket (hip, shoulder)

88
Q

Grades of sprains

A
89
Q

Partial dislocation of a joint

A

Subluxation

90
Q

Common arthritis that affects 85% of people

A

Osteoarthritis

91
Q

Autoimmune arthritis

A

Rheumatoid

92
Q

Deposition of acid crystals in joints

A

Gouty arthritis

A+P 1 (12 decks)

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