Lecture 3 Flashcards
Three fxns of bone markings
1-Sites of attafchment for muscles, tendons and ligaments
2-Joint surfaces
3- Consduits for blood vessels and nerves
Projections (sites of attachment)
large, blunt, irregular surface
Trochanter
Projections (sites of attachment)
rounded projection
Tuberosity
Projections (sites of attachment)
Trochanter
Tuberosity
Tubercle
Spine
Crest
Line
Projections (sites of attachment)
small rounded projection
Tubercle
Projections (sites of attachment)
sharp, slender projection
Spine
Projections (sites of attachment)
narrow, prominent ridge of bone
crest
Projections (sites of attachment)
narrow ridge of bone
line
Projections (sites of attachment)
raised area above a condyle
epicondyle
Projections (sites of attachment)
any bony prominence
process
Projections (that form joints)
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
head
Projections (that form joints)
rounded articular projection
condyle
Projections (that form joints)
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
facet
Bone markings (depressions and openings)
canal-like passageway
meatus
Bone markings (depressions and openings)
round of oval opening through a bone
foramen
Bone markings (depressions and openings)
cavity within a bone
sinus
Bone markings (depressions and openings)
A furrow
Groove
Bone markings (depressions and openings)
Shallow, basin-like depression
Fossa
Bone markings (depressions and openings)
Narrow, slit-like opening
Fissure
Outer layer of bone
Compact
Honeycomb of TRABECULAE filled with red marrow
Spongy, Cancellous
Tubular shaft of long bones containing yellow bone marrow
Diaphysis
Expanded ends of long bones, partly covered in hyaline cartilage
Epiphyses
Line that separates diaphysis from the Epiphyses
Epiphyseal line
Where the diaphysis merges with the epiphysis
metaphysis
Innervated vascularized sheath around bones
Periosteum, held on by perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
delicate membrane covering internal survace of bone
endosteum
a subclass of trabeculae in the skull bones
Diploë
the structural unit of compact bone
osteon
weight-bearing column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen
Lamella
central channel in lamella containing vessels and nerves
Haversian, or Central
Laterally running channels connecting periosteum and Haversian canal
Volkmann’s canals
mature bone cells
Osteocytes
small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
lacunae
hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal in lamellae
canaliculi
Osteoid-forming cells
Osteoblasts
large cells that resorb or break down bone
Osteoclast
unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and collagen
osteoid
Mineral salts that make up 65% of bone mass
Hydroxypatites
fomation of bone
osteogenesis
two types of osteogenesis
Bone develops from a fibrous membrane
intramembranous ossification
two types of ossification
bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
endochondral ossification
Kinds of bones formed by intramembranous development
flat bones
kinds of bones made through endochondral ossification
most long-bones, embryonic replacements of hyaline cartiage models
growth plate in long bones
epiphyseal plate
bone remodeling units
bone deposition at
periosteal surface (diaphysis)
bone remodeling units
bone resorption at
endosteal surface (epiphysis)
requires a diet rich in protein, vitamins C, D, and A, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese
bone deposition
Bone remodeling controlled by two mechanisms
- hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostasis in
the blood - mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton
hormonal bone remodeling - what happens when:
rising blood Ca2+ levels trigger the thyroid to release calcitonin
calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone
hormonal responses in bone remodeling
falling blood Ca2+ levels signal the parathyroid glands to release PTH [parathyroid hormone]
PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood
The name of this law:
A bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it
Wolff’s Law
caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency
Osteomalacia
Softened, weakened bones, pain upon weighting
caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency IN CHILDREN
Rickets
Reduced bone density
Osteopenia
Seen with many diseases
A group of diseases in which bone reabsorption outpaces
bone deposition
Osteoporosis
Treatments of Osteoporosis
calcium and vitamin D supplements
increased weight-bearing exercise
hormone [estrogen] replacement therapy [HRT] slows bone loss
− estrogen inhibits osteoclasts
progesterone new bone growth
− stimulates osteoblasts
statins increase bone mineral density
− inhibit osteoclasts
℞: Fosamax, Boniva, Actonel [bisphophanates]
Three joint classes
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
What are the properties of this kind of joint:
Synarthroses
“immovable”, fibrous
What are the properties of this kind of joint:
Amphiarthroses
Slightly movable, cartilaginous
What are the properties of this kind of joint:
Diarthroses
freely movable, synovial joints
Three types of synarthroses
Sutures (skull joints)
Syndesmosis (short ligaments between bones)
Gomphosis (teeth, held by periodontal ligament)
when skull bones fuse in middle age
synostoses
Syndesmosis are made up of
fibrous tissue ligament
Two kinds of cartilaginous joints
AMPHIARTHROSES
Synchondroses
Symphyses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
Bones united by fibrocartilage
Parts of synovial joints
Name the two muscle attachments across a joint
Origin (on immovable bone)
Insertion (on movable bone)
Four Ranges of Motion
Slipping movements only
NonAxial
Four Ranges of Motion
Movement in ONE place
UniAxial
Four Ranges of Motion
Movement in two planes
BiAxial
Four Ranges of Motion
Movement in all three planes
MultiAxial, TriAxial
Angular movement
Bending movement that decreases the angle of the join
Flexion
Angular movement
Reverse of flexion, angle is increased
Extension
Angular movement
Foot moves up at ankle joint
Dorsiflexion
Angular movement
Foot moves down at ankle joint
Plantar flexion
Angular movement
Movement away from midline
Abduction
Angular movement
Movement toward the midline
Adduction
Angular movement
Movement describes a cone in space
Circumduction
Angular movement
Movement of bone around its own long axis
Rotation
Complex movements
Anterior movement in transverse plane
Protraction
Complex movements
Posterior movement in transverse plane
Retraction
Complex movements
Body part lifted superiorly
Elevation
Complex movements
Body part moved inferiorly
Depression
Complex movements
Touching of pollex to remaining fingertips
Opposition
Types of synovial joints
Plane (slipping)
Hinge (elbow, finger joints)
Pivot (atlas, radioullnar)
Condyloid (knuckles, wrist)
Saddle joints (like condyloid but freer, thumb knuckle)
Ball and Socket (hip, shoulder)
Grades of sprains
Partial dislocation of a joint
Subluxation
Common arthritis that affects 85% of people
Osteoarthritis
Autoimmune arthritis
Rheumatoid
Deposition of acid crystals in joints
Gouty arthritis