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A+P 1 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of muscle contraction

A

Isometric (increase in tension, muscle doesn’t shorten, flexing)
Isotonic (muscle contracts, muscle shortens, join moves)

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2
Q

Isometric contraction does what?

A

Maintains posture

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3
Q

Two types of isotonic contraction

A

Concentric (muscle shortens)
Eccentric (muscle contracts as it lengthens)

Concentric bicep curl, eccentric letting the weight back down slowly. You do both every time you walk.

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4
Q

A lower motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies is called

A

Motor Unit
(Spinal cord to muscle)

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5
Q

What determines how many motor units you use

A

The demand on muscles

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6
Q

Three phases of a muscle twitch are

A

Latent period (2 msec), stimulation is taking place
Period of contraction (15 msec), cross bridges form, muscle shortens
Relaxation (25 msec), ca2+ is reobsorbed into the SR, tension goes to zero

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7
Q

A single stimulus that results in a single contractile response

A

muscle twitch

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8
Q

Frequently delivered stimuli increases contractile force

A

Wave summation

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9
Q

More rapidly delivered stimuli results in

A

Incomplete (unfused) tetanus

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10
Q

If stimuli are given rapidly enough:

A

Complete (fused) tetanus

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11
Q

The stimulus at which first observable muscle contraction occurs

A

Thredshold stimulus

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12
Q

Using multiple motor unit summation to control force of contraction

A

Recruitment

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13
Q

Turn on muscle fibers selectively for smooth movement

From smallest to largest muscle fibers for economy

A

Asynchronous recruitment

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14
Q

Simultaneous use of all muscle fibers

A

Synchronous recruitment

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15
Q

The constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles which does not produce active movements

A

Muscle Tone

Like an idling engine

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16
Q

Tone of muscle above normal

A

Hypertonic (muscle spasm)

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16
Q

Tone of muscle going up

A

Hypertonic (muscle spasm)

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17
Q

Tone of muscle below normal

A

Hypotonic (flaccid)

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18
Q

Only source used directly for contractile activity

A

ATP

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19
Q

ATP stores regenerated by these three mechanisms

A

1- Creatine phosphate (CP)
2- Anaerobic glycolysis
3- Aerobic respiration

ATP hydrolized (used up) in 5 seconds

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20
Q

Direct phosphorylation

A

CP + ADP = Creatine + ATP

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21
Q

Nitrogenous organic acid made in liver

A

Creatine Phosphate

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22
Q

Creatine breakdown product

A

Creatinine

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23
Q

How many seconds of ATP does the body store

A

5 seconds

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24
Q

how many seconds of CP does the body store

A

15 seconds

25
Q

Pyruvic acid converted into lactic acid

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

26
Q

Duration of anaerobic glycolysis

A

30-40 (maybe 60) seconds

When you start breathing, lactic adcid turns back into pyruvic acid

27
Q

95% of ATP supplied this way for resting skeletal muscles

A

Aerobic glycolysis

28
Q

Aerobic Pathway produces how many ATP

A

32!

29
Q

Duration of Aerobic glycolysis

A

Hours

30
Q

ATP production fails to keep pace with ATP use

A

Muscle fatigue

31
Q

Issues from muscle fatigue

A

ion imbalances
lactic acid accumulation
contractures dt deficit of ATP

32
Q

Hemoglobin brings oxygen to

A

Myoglobin

33
Q

Extra amount of O2 needed for muscle restoration

A

Oxygen debt (afterburn), lactic acid conversion back to pyruvic, etc.

34
Q

% of energy released in muscle activity that goes into work

A

40%

35
Q

% of energy released in muscle activity that is given off as heat

A

60%

36
Q

Force of muscle contraction based on:

A

Motor unit and therefore number of muscle fibers (cells) contracting

37
Q

Two types of muscle fibers

A

Slow and fast twitch

38
Q

Muscle fibers that use aerobic pathways

A

oxidative fibers

39
Q

Muscle fibers that use anaerobic pathways

A

Glycolytic fibers

40
Q

So, three types of muscle fibers

A

1- slow oxidative fibers
2- fast oxidative fibers
3- fast glycoliytic fibers

41
Q

contract slowly, have slow acting myosin ATPases, and are fatigue resistant

A

slow oxidative fibers

42
Q

contract quickly, have fast myosin ATPases, and have moderate resistance to fatigue

A

fast oxidative (intermediate) fibers

43
Q

contract quickly, have fast myosin ATPases, and are easily fatigued

A

fast (power burst) glycolytic

44
Q

Where is smooth muscle found in the body?

A

visceral organs, stomach, bladder, respiratory passages

45
Q

Smooth muscle is under what kind of control

A

Autonomic control

46
Q

Smooth muscle straited or not striated?

A

NOT

47
Q

Two layers of smooth muscle

A

Longitudinal and circular

48
Q

Smooth muscle innervated by

A

autonomic fibers with varicosities with large, diffuse junctions - these facilitate slow activity

49
Q

Structures of smooth muscle cells

A

1- gap junctions that provide electrical synapses
2- dense bodies that allow physical attachment of cells to each other and to cytoplasma membrane

50
Q

sarcomere-like structures in smooth muscle

A
51
Q

most viscera of the body, including the gut, bile ducts,
ureters, uterus, and many blood vessels is made of what kind of smooth muscles?

A

Unitary, or visceral smooth muscle

52
Q

ciliary muscle of the eye, the iris muscle of the eye, and the piloerector muscles that cause erection of the hairs

A

multiunit smooth muscle

53
Q

Force capability of smooth relative to skeletal muscle

A

up to 50% more

54
Q

smooth muscle contractions are initiated by

A

Hormones
Autonomic motor nerve impulses
Stretch

55
Q

a regulatory protein in smooth muscle similar to troponin, ca2+ binds to this

A

calmodulin

56
Q

Ca2+ calmodulin complex activates

A

enzyme myosin light chain kinase

57
Q

What do kinase enzymes do

A

phosphorelate

58
Q

toxin that prevents the releaseof ACh at the neuromuscular junction, leading to a potentially fatal muscular and respiratory paralysis

A

botulism

59
Q

ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junctions attacked by
autoantibodies. MBS

A

Myasthenia Gravis

60
Q

within a few hours, the skeletal muscle fibers have run out of ATP and the SR becomes unable to pump Ca2+ out of the sarcoplasm

A

rigor mortis

A+P 1 (12 decks)

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