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Neuro 3 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is CN I?

A

Olfactory Nerve

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2
Q

What nerve number is the olfactory nerve?

A

CN I

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3
Q

What kind of nerve (sensory/motor) is CN I?

A

The Olfactory Nerve is pure sensory

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4
Q

What is the function of the Olfactory Nerve CN I?

A

Olfaction

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5
Q

Where does CN I carry inputs?

A

Olfactory tracts carry axons directly to the primary olfactory cortex, bypassing the thalamus

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6
Q

Why does the olfactory nerve bypass the thalmus?

A

An evolutionary adaptation

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7
Q

After reaching the primary olfactory cortex, where do CN I nerves go?

A

Amygdala (emotional response to smell)
Hippocampus (memory of smell)
Hypothalamus (visceral response to smell)

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8
Q

What is the second order neuron in the Olfactory (CN I) pathway?

A

The Olfactory tract

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9
Q

Where is the primary olfactory cortex found?

A

In the Uncus or the Parahippocampal Gyrus

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10
Q

What is found in the Uncus or the Parahippocampal Gyrus?

A

The primary olfactory cortex

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11
Q

Which CN nerves sense taste?

A

VII - Facial
IX - Glossopharyngeal

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12
Q

What is CN VII?

A

The facial nerve

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13
Q

What number is the facial nerve?

A

CN VII

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14
Q

What number is the Glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

CN IX

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15
Q

What is CN VII?

A

Facial nerve

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16
Q

What nerve is CN IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal

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17
Q

What nerve controls movement of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

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18
Q

What does Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) do?

A

Controls the movement of the tongue

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19
Q

Where does the Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) origniate?

A

The medulla

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20
Q

Where does the Hypoglossal (XII) nerve exit the skull?

A

Hypoglossal canal

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21
Q

What exits the Hypoglossal (XII) Canal?

A

The Hypoglossal nerve

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22
Q

What kind of nerve (sensory/motor) Hypoglossal nerve (XII)?

A

A pure motor

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23
Q

What muscle does the Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) inervate??

A

Genioglossus muscle

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24
Q

What nerve innervates the Genioglossus muscle?

A

Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

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25
Q

What is the main muscle of the tongue?

A

The Genioglossus muscle

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26
Q

What innervates the Genioglossus muscle?

A

Hypoglossal Nerve XII

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27
Q

What is the innervation of the tongue like?

A

It is innervated by the Hypoglossal Nerve XII ipsilaterally. If there is a lesion, the tongue deviates to the same side as the lesion

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28
Q

What number nerve is the Glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

IX

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29
Q

What is nerve IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal

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30
Q

What number is the Trigeminal nerve?

A

CN V

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31
Q

What is cranial nerve V?

A

Trigeminal Nerve

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32
Q

What supplies touch for posterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

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33
Q

What supplies touch for anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

CN V3 - Trigeminal

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34
Q

What supplies the touch of the tongue?

A

*Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) posterior 2/3
*Trigeminal (CN V) anterior 2/3

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35
Q

What supplies taste to the posterior part of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

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36
Q

What supplies taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

The Facial Nerve CN VII

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37
Q

What supplies taste to the tongue?

A

*Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX - posterior
*Facial nerve CN VII CN VII - anterior

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38
Q

What nerve pushes food to the back of the tongue?

A

The hypogloassal nerve CN XII

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39
Q

What innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

The Glossopharyngeal nerve

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40
Q

What part of the Trigeminal nerve CN V supplies touch for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

V3 the mandibular branch

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41
Q

Where does the Glossopharyngeal nerve exit?

A

The Jugular foramen

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42
Q

What exits the Jugular foramen?

A

*CN Hypoglossal IX
*Vagus X
*Spinal Accessory XI
*The sinuses

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43
Q

What does the whole Trigeminal nerve (V) supply?

A

The sensory innervation of the entire face and the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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44
Q

What are the three branches of the Trigeminal Nerve V?

A

*Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
*Maxillary nerve (V2)
*Mandibular nerve (V3)

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45
Q

Which nerves does the Facial nerve join with when it exits?

A

The the vestibulocochlear nerve

46
Q

What exits the Internal Acoustic Meatus?

A

Facial nerve VII and the Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

47
Q

Where does the facial nerve VII exit?

A

The internal acoustic meatus

48
Q

What initiates the swallowing reflex?

A

The sensation of food felt by the Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

49
Q

What does the Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) do for the tongue?

A

Taste and sensation for the anterior 1/3 of the tongue

50
Q

What is the Chorda Tympani?

A

The branch of facial nerve VII that supplies taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

51
Q

How does taste work?

A

Tastes activate taste buds that are neuroepithelium these in turn activate CN VII (facial) or IX (glossopharyngeal)

52
Q

What is the pathway of taste?

A

An action potential sends information along the lingual nerve in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, where it reaches the geniculate ganglion and goes to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brainstem. In the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, it will travel along the glossopharyngeal nerve to the inferior ganglion and also reach the nucleus of the solitary tract. Then goes up the spinal cord to the thalamus and synapses at the VPM nucleus of the thalamus and then to the postcentral gyrus

53
Q

How many neurons are in the taste pathways?

A

Three neurons

54
Q

Where do the collateral branches of the taste pathway go?

A

The amygdala and the hippocampus

55
Q

What nucleus in the thalamus does the taste pathway synapse on?

A

The Ventropostermedial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus

56
Q

What nerves are involved in hearing and balance?

A

*CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear nerve)
*CN VII (Facial nerve)
*V (Trigeminal nerve)

57
Q

How does the Facial nerve VII help with hearing?

A

Controls the stapedius muscle

58
Q

How does the Trigeminal nerve help with hearing?

A

Controls the tensor tympani muscle

59
Q

What is CN VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

60
Q

What kind of nerve (motor/sensory) is the Vestibular nerve VIII?

A

Pure sensory

61
Q

Where are the Vestibular and Cochlear nuclei found?

A

Between the pons and the medulla

62
Q

What does the vestibular component allow for?

A

Us to know where our head is in space

63
Q

Why is the the facial nerve prone to compression?

A

During an ear infection the tissue that transverse the acoustic meatus together with the VIIIth nerve, it is prone to compression if there is inner ear infection

64
Q

What are the divisions of the inner ear?

A

The cochlea and the semicircular canals

65
Q

What are the three canals in the cochlea?

A

*Scala vestibuli
*Scala tympani
*Cochlear duct

66
Q

What fluid is contained in the Scala vestibuli and tympani?

A

Perilymph

67
Q

What fluid is contained in the cochlear duct?

A

Perilymph

68
Q

How does hearing work?

A
  1. Sound vibrates the tympanic membrane
  2. It connects to the malleus, incus and stapes
  3. These connect to the round window and move the fluid in the ducts
  4. This causes the stereocilia on the organ of corti to rub on the tectorial membrane causing an action potential
69
Q

What is the ganglion for CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)?

A

The spiral ganglion

70
Q

What CN does the Spiral ganglion connect with?

A

CN VIII Vestibulocochlear

71
Q

What is the auditory pathway in the brain?

A
  1. CN VIII (vestibulocochlear) nerve goes to the spiral ganglion
  2. They synapse in the brainstem at the cochlear nuclei
  3. From there both the left and right go up both sides of the brainstem
  4. It then synapses of the Medial Geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
  5. And then ends at Heschl’s gyrus (the primary auditory cortex)
72
Q

Where does the Auditory pathway end?

A

The Primary Auditory Gyrus (Heschel’s gyrus)

73
Q

Where does the primary auditory cortex synapse?

A

*Cochlear nuclei
*Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN)

74
Q

Where in the thalamus does the auditory pathway synapse?

A

The Medial Geniculate Nucleus

75
Q

What synapses at the Medial Geniculate Nucleus?

A

The auditory pathway

76
Q

Where is hearing understood?

A

Wernicke’s Area

77
Q

Describe the hearing reflex?

A

We turn to face something when we hear it because the auditory nerves pass through the inferior colliculus which innervates the neck muscles

78
Q

How do we know where a sound is coming from?

A

Bilateral auditory pathways provide cues to localize sound in space - brain uses interaural time difference as one cue to localize sound in space

79
Q

What is the pitch mapping of the cochlea?

A

Hair cells that are closer to the beginning bend at higher sounds

80
Q

Where do Perception and Comprehension of hearing occur?

A

*Perception - Primary Auditory Cortex (Heschl’s gyri)
*Comprehension - Wernicke’s sensory speech area

81
Q

What kind of nerve is the Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)?

A

It is pure sensory

82
Q

What nerves dampen sound in the ear?

A

*Facial Nerve (VII)
*Trigeminal Nerve (V)

83
Q

How does the facial nerve (VII) dampen sound?

A

It innervates the stapedius muscle which attaches to the ossicles

84
Q

How does the Trigeminal (V) nerve dampen sound?

A

It innervates the tensor tympani muscle which attaches to the ossicles

85
Q

What are the components of the Vestibular system?

A

*Saccule
*Utricle
*3 Semicircular canals

86
Q

Where is the perilymph found in the vestibular apparatus?

A

In the Bony labyrinth

87
Q

Where is the endolymph found in the vestibular apparatus?

A

In the Membranous labyrinth

88
Q

What are the sensory organs in the Semicircular Canals?

A

The Cupola

89
Q

What is the sensory organ in the Utricle and Saccule?

A

The Maculae

90
Q

What makes up the vestibule?

A

The Utricle and the Saccule

91
Q

What are the Ampulla?

A

Swellings at the bottom of the semicircular canals

92
Q

What do the Semicircular canals do?

A

Know where your head is in space

93
Q

What allows you to know where your head is in which plane in 3D?

A

The semicircular canals

94
Q

What do the Utricle and Saccule do?

A

They detect the head position relative to gravity and linear acceleration

95
Q

What detects the head position relative to gravity and linear acceleration?

A

The Utricle and Saccule

96
Q

How do the semicircular canals work?

A
  1. Base of the semicircular canals have an ampulla
  2. In the swelling is a fluid filled space filled with endolymph
  3. In the fluid is neuroepithelial cells called cilia they are surrounded by cupula
  4. When we turn our head left and right and cupula deflect and cause an action potential
97
Q

How do the semicircular canals work?

A
  1. Base of the semicircular canals have an ampulla
  2. In the swelling is a fluid filled space filled with endolymph
  3. In the fluid is neuroepithelial cells called cilia they are surrounded by cupula
  4. When we turn our head left and right and cupula deflect and cause an action potential
98
Q

Where is the vestibule located?

A

Between the cochlea and semicircular canals

99
Q

What does the Vestibule contain?

A

The utricle and saccule

100
Q

What is the sensory organ in the Utricle and Saccule?

A

The Maculae

101
Q

How do the Utricle and Saccule detect head position relative to gravity and linear acceleration?

A

Stereocilia cells in the tectorial membrane brush against otoliths, causing action potentials in the maculae

102
Q

What are the sensory organs in the semicircular canals?

A

The swelling of the ampulla

103
Q

What detects nodding?

A

The Saccules maculae

104
Q

What detects linear acceleration?

A

The utricles’ maculae

105
Q

What triggers maculae an otoliths?

A

*Moving the head up and down (nodding yes - saccule)
*Walking forward - Utricle

106
Q

What triggers the semicircular canals?

A

Moving your head in any direction

107
Q

What are the two vestibulospinal tracts?

A

*Lateral Vestibulospinal tract
*Medial Vestibulospinal tract

108
Q

What does the lateral vestibulospinal tract act on?

A

LMN(limbs)

109
Q

What does the Medial Vestibulospinal tract act on?

A

LMN (axial muscles)

110
Q

What does the Medial Vestibulospinal tract do?

A

Bilateral acts on the core to tighten muscles as the head moves

111
Q

What does the Lateral Vestibulospinal tract do?

A

Ipsilateral does unconscious movement ex when you do a bicep curl

112
Q

What is the Vestibular pathway?

A

Semicircular canals or the maculae will elicit an action potential and will act the vestibular nuclei in the midbrain

Neuro 3 (21 decks)

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