Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro 3 > Lecture 16: Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, and Pineal Gland > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, and Pineal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What is unique about the Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland and Pineal gland?

A

All of the structures are midline and there is only one of each

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

A

To maintain homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does the hypothalamus maintain homeostasis?

A

By regulating ANS (ascending and descending tract)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do the ANS ascending and descending tracts regulated by the hypothalamus do?

A

Control body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep and circadian cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the hypothalamus link togehter?

A

The nervous system to the endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What links the nervous system to the endocrine system?

A

The hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Through what does the hypothalamus link the nervous system to the endocrine system?

A

Via the pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the hypothalamus link the nervous and endocrine system via the pituitary gland?

A

By secreting neurohormones that stimulate or inhibit secretions of the pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the hypothalamus synthesize and secrete?

A

Neurohormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the five main categories of inputs to the hypothalamus?

A
  • Nucleus of the solitary tract
  • Reticular formation
  • Retina
  • Amygdala, hippocampus and the olfactory cortex
  • Intrinsic hypothalamic receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What kind of inputs does the nucleus of the solitary tract send to the hypothalamus?

A

Visceral sensory information from the glossopharyngeal nerve (blood pressure) and vagus information (gut distension?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does the hypothalamus receive: Visceral sensory information from the glossopharyngeal nerve (blood pressure) and vagus information (gut distension) from?

A

The nucleus of the solitary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What kind of inputs does the reticular formation send to the hypothalamus?

A

Inputs from the spinal cord including information about skin temperature which is relayed to the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What kind of inputs does the Retina send to the Hypothalamus?

A

Some fibers from the optic nerve go directly to the suprachiasmatic nucleus to regulate circadian rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does the hypothalamus receive Inputs from the spinal cord including information about skin temperature which is relayed to the hypothalamus?

A

The Reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does the hypothalamus receive information about light/dark to regulate circadian rhythms?

A

The retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What kinds of inputs do the Amygdala, hippocampus and the olfactory cortex send to the hypothalamus?

A

Inputs that help to regulate behaviours such as eating and reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does the hypothalamus receive inputs to control behaviour like eating and reproduction?

A

The amygdala, hypothalamus and olfactory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do the intrinsic receptors of the hypothalamus regulate?

A

Thermoreceptors, osmoreceptors that measure temperature and ionic balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How can the hypothalamus be involved in HR regulation?

A
  • The NTS can sample blood oxygen and co2 concentration from the heart and send this information to the hypothalamus
  • In response the hypothalamus can send outputs via the DMNV to alter heart rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where do autonomic afferents project back to and for what?

A

The hypothalamus instead of the thalamus for regular senssation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What projects back to the hypothalamus instead of the thalamus?

A

Autonomic afferents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens after autonomic afferent project back to the hypothalamus instead of the thalamus?

A

The hypothalamus then projects outward and has an effect that is not under conscious control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the two main nuclei of the hypothalamic limbic system?

A
  • Lateral Hypothalamic nuclei
  • Ventromedial nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the lateral hypothalamic nuclei and the ventromedial nuclei apart of?

A

The Hypothalamic limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the Lateral hypothalamic nuclei transversed by?

A

Longitudinally by many fibres including the medial forebrain bundle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the medial forebrain bundle traverse?

A

The lateral hypothalamic nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is lateral hypothalamic area important for?

A

The control of food and fluid intake (desire to eat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What controls the desire to eat?

A

The lateral hypothalamic nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What do lesions to the hypothalamic nuclei cause?

A

Aphagia and adipsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the ventromedial nucleus involved in?

A

The control of food and fluid intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What controls the desire to stop eating?

A

The ventromedial nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do lesions to the ventromedial nucleus cause?

A

Abnormally increased food intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the three main hypothalamic efferents?

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Limbic system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the endocrine section of the hypothalamic efferents?

A

The pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system portion of hypothalamic efferents?

A

The vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What structures are part of the limbic system hypothalamic efferents?

A

The amygdala and the hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How does the hypothalamus use the pituitary as an efferent?

A

The hypothalamus has control over hormone production (anterior lobe) or hormone release (posterior lobe) of the pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does the hypothalamus use the autonomic nervous system for as an efferent?

A

To control internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does the hypothalamus use the limbic system for in terms of efferents?

A

The hypothalamus initiates appropriate instinctual motor behavior repertoires (such as feeding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What unites at the hypothalamus?

A

The autonomic and endocrine systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the superior structures of the brain?

A

The cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the lower structures of the brain?

A

Midbrain, pons and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the middle strucutres of the brain?

A

The hypothalamus which projects to the pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary?

A

The Adenohypophysis (anterior)
The Neurohypophysis (posterior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What kind of gland is the pituitary?

A

An endocrine gland or a neuroendocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the hormone producing part of the pituitary?

A

The Adenohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the hormone releasing part if the pituitary?

A

The neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the Median eminence?

A

The projection of the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

The connection of the pituitary to the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the pituitary protected by?

A

Bone and surrounded by the hypophyseal fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What does the hypophyseal fossa surround?

A

The pituitary gland

53
Q

What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary?

A
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • FSH and LH
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Endorphins
54
Q

What part of the pituitary releases:
- TSH
- ACTH
- FSH and LH
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Endorphins

A

The anterior pituitary

55
Q

What does the posterior pituitary release?

A
  • Oxytocin
  • ADH
56
Q

What part of the pituitary releases oxytocin and ADH?

A

The posterior pituitary

57
Q

What are the two nuclei of the medial hypothalamus?

A
  • Paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
  • Supraoptic nucleus (SON)
58
Q

What does the Paraventricular nucleus do?

A

Synthesized Oxytocin and releases it in the posterior pituitary

59
Q

What nucleus in the hypothalamus synthesizes oxytocin?

A

The Paraventricular nucleus

60
Q

What is activation of the paraventricular nucleus cuased by?

A

The release of hormones induced by suckling

61
Q

What does oxytocin do in females?

A

Stimulates milk production by the mammary gland and causes contraction of uterine muscle

62
Q

What stimulates milk production by the mammary gland and causes contraction of the uterine muscle?

A

Oxytocin from the paraventricular nucleus

63
Q

What is the breakdown of the meaning of oxytocin?

A

oxy = swift; tocin = birth

64
Q

What does oxytocin do in males?

A

Causes smooth muscle contractions in the prostate

65
Q

What causes smooth muscle contractions in the prostate?

A

Oxytocin

66
Q

What does the Supraoptic nucleus do?

A

Produces antidiuretic hormone and releases it in the posterior pituitary

67
Q

Where is antidiuretic hormone produced?

A

In the Supraoptic nucleus

68
Q

When is antidiuretic hormone released?

A

During an increase in osmolarity

69
Q

Where is the increase in osmolarity that causes antidiuretic hormone to be released sensed?

A

In osmosensitive neurons in the supraoptic nucleus

70
Q

What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) released in response to?

A

A rise in electrolytes of fall in blood pressure of blood volume

71
Q

What does Antidiuretic hormone do?

A
  • It acts on the kidneys to increase water absorption to maintain water homeostasis
  • Causes constriction of the peripheral blood vessels to increase blood pressure
72
Q

What can the release of ADH be inhibited by?

A

Coffee or alcohol

73
Q

What happens if the release of ADH is inhibited by coffee or alcohol?

A

Water will not be reabsorbed and body will produce dilute urine

74
Q

How will a lesion to the medial hypothalamus affect ADH?

A

It will affect the production of ADH

75
Q

What would happen if ADH is not produced?

A

A person will be thirsty because they are continuously losing liquid in the urine

76
Q

What will happen if too much ADH is produced?

A

A person will drink too much and suffer from water intoxication causing electrolytes in the blood to be diluted

77
Q

What is important about the production of Oxytocin and ADH?

A

Both oxytocin and ADH are produced by the hypothalamus and carries them to the posterior pituitary

78
Q

How are Oxytocin and ADH brought from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

A

They are brought in granules through the Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

79
Q

What does the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract do?

A

Carries oxytocin and ADH produced by the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

80
Q

What do the Supraoptic nuclei and paraventricular nuclei do?

A

Manufacture ADH and oxytocin released by synaptic terminals at capillaries in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

81
Q

What is the Hypophyseal portal system?

A
  • The capillary networks in the median eminence are supplied by the hypophyseal artery
  • Before leaving the hypothalamus, the capillary networks unite to form a series of larger vessels that spiral around the infundibulum to reach the anterior lobe
  • Arterial blood from the hypothalamus area drain into the anterior pituitary to stimulate the anterior pituitary to produce hormones
82
Q

How does the hypothalamus have a relationship with the anterior pituitary?

A

Through the portal system

83
Q

What is the orchestrator of the endocrine system?

A

The anterior pituitary

84
Q

What does thyroid stimulating hormone released by the anterior pituitary do?

A

Stimulates the activity of the thyroid

85
Q

What does Adrenocorticotropin hormone released by the thyroid do?

A

Stimulates the activity of the adrenals

86
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone released by the anterior pituitary do?

A

Regulate gonadal function and reproductive cycle

87
Q

What does Lutenizing hormone released by the anterior pituitary do?

A

Regulate gonadal function and reproductive cycle

88
Q

What does Prolactin released by the anterior pituitary do?

A

Stimulate lactation and development of mammary glands

89
Q

What do endorphins released by the anterior pituitary do?

A

Control of pain and nociceptive signals

90
Q

How does Cortisol affect blood sugar?

A

It raised blood sugar by preventing insulin function and promoting gluconeogenesis

91
Q

What is cushing syndrome?

A

Too much cortisol production

92
Q

What disease is characterized by too much cortisol production?

A

Cushing’s disease

93
Q

What can tumors to the hypothalamus and pituitary glands do?

A

Lead to underproduction or overproduction of circulating hormones

94
Q

What are the disorders of growth?

A

Dwarfism, gigantism and acromegaly

95
Q

What are the disorders of sexual function?

A

Precocious puberty and hypogonadism

96
Q

What are disorders of body water control?

A

Diabetes insipidus and pathological drinking

97
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Losing to much water

98
Q

What is pathological drinking?

A

Drinking too much water

99
Q

What are disorders of eating?

A

Obesity and bulimia

100
Q

What are disorders of adrenal cortical control?

A

Cushing’s disease and adrenal insufficiency

101
Q

How does the hypothalamus affect growth hormone?

A

The hypothalamus maintains homeostatic levels of GH

102
Q

How does GH affect cells?

A

Cells under the action of GH increase in size (hypertrophy) and number (hyperplasia)

103
Q

How does GH affect bones?

A

GH causes an increase in bone length and thickness by deposition of cartilage at the ends of bones

104
Q

How do sex hormones affect bones?

A

During adolescence, sex hormones cause replacement of cartilage by bone, halting further bone growth even though GH is still present

105
Q

What can too little growth hormone cause?

A

Gigantism

106
Q

What can too little GH cause?

A

Dwarfism

107
Q

What is Gigantism?

A

Excess GH before puberty

108
Q

What causes dwarfism?

A

hGH deficiency before puberty

109
Q

What causes Acromegaly?

A

Excess hGH after puberty

110
Q

What is the difference between Gigantism and Acromegaly?

A
  • Gigantism is when there is excess growth hormone before puberty
  • Acromegaly is when there is excess growth hormone after puberty
111
Q

What happens in gigantism?

A

Excess hGH before puberty causes excessive length of bones, coarsening of the facial bone, slowed sexual development and mental slowness

112
Q

What happens in acromegaly?

A

Excess hGH after puberty causes thickening and coarsening of bones, enlargement of lips, nose, jaw and thickening of tongue of skin. Bones also thicken

113
Q

What vision loss can a pituitary tumor cost?

A

Bitemporal hemianopsia

114
Q

How can a pituitary tumor cause bitemporal hemianopsia?

A

It can compress the optic chiasm

115
Q

How does bitemporal hemianopsia affect the visual field?

A

It causes tunnel vision. So you are unable to see the peripheral visual fields

116
Q

What is the mechanism behind bitemporal hemianopsia?

A

The axons from the midline that see the peripheral visual fields usually cross over at the optic chiasm, but because it is compressed people are no longer able to see

117
Q

What is the Transsphenoidal approach to removing pituitary tumors?

A

Entering through the nasal cavity and drilling through the sella turcica

118
Q

What is the Epiphysis?

A

The pineal gland

119
Q

What is another name for the pineal gland?

A

The epyphsis

120
Q

What does the Pineal gland sit in close proximity to?

A

The aqueduct of the 3rd and 4th ventricle

121
Q

What is the main function of the Pineal Gland?

A

To produce melatonin in the absence of light stimulation

122
Q

What nuclei do retinal axons project to?

A

The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus

123
Q

What is the Retinohypothalamic tract?

A

The pathway that the retinal axons project to the suprachiasmatic nuclei when there is light stimulation

124
Q

What happens after light stimulates the retina and it travels to the SCN?

A

Nerve impulses originate from the SCN via the sympathetic nervous system and travel to the pineal gland to inhibit the production of melatonin

125
Q

How is the production of melatonin inhibited in the pineal gland?

A

Retinal axons sense light and project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The suprachiasmatic nucleus then sends nerve impulses via the sympathetic nervous system which travels to the pineal gland to inhibit melatonin production

126
Q

When do impulses from the SCN on the pineal gland stop?

A

At night when there is no light to stimulate the hypothalamus

127
Q

What does the SCN do in terms of circadian rhythms?

A

It serves as a clock that regulates brain and endocrine systems

128
Q

What are the Circadian Rhythms controlled by?

A

Endogenously: Clock genes
Exogenously: Light regulation and environment

Neuro 3 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions