Lecture 2: Development and Meninges Flashcards
Which part of gastrulation does neurulation occur?
A the later part of gastrulation
What is the Notochord?
A tissue that signals the ectoderm to involute and become the CNS
What signals the Ectoderm to involute?
Protein signals from the Notochord
What is the Neural fold?
The part of the Ectoderm that involutes
What is the Neural Plate?
The part of the ectoderm that involutes and become nervous tissue
What happens after the Ectoderm involutes?
It becomes the neural tube
What does the Neural tube become?
The developing CNS
What does the Neural tube arise from?
The Ectoderm
What does the CNS arise from?
Ectoderm
What does the Neural Crest form?
The entire PNS
Why does the Neural crest form?
Because it does not receive as many signals the cells in the centre
What does the area of the ectoderm that did not receive any signals from the notochord become?
The epidermis
What does the Ectoderm form?
PNS (neural crest), CNS (neural tube) and Epidermis
What does the Somite do?
Signals to the neural crest cells if it is going to become the PNS or another cell type like the cells in the skin
What does the space in the neural tube become?
The ventricles of the brain
What do the Somites do?
They signal for the neural crest cells to become part of the PNS
What does the Neural tube become?
Either the spinal cord or the brain
What kind of cells can the neural crest cells become?
•Unipolar sensory neurons
•Glial cells (Microglial cells, Schwann cells and Satelite Glial cells)
Overall what does the Ectoderm form?
•Neural tube (CNS - Brain and Spinal cord)
•Neural Crest (Sensory neurons and glial cells)
•Epidermis (Skin)
What Glial cells come from the Neural Crest cells?
•Microglial cells
•Schwann cells
•Satellite Glial cells
Where are cell bodies of motor neurons?
In the spinal cord
What do Motor neurons originate from?
The Neural tube because they originate from the CNS
What cells originate from the neural tube?
•Motor neurons
•Cortical neurons
•Oligodendrocytes
•Microglia
•Astrocytes
•Ependymal cells
Which microglial cells originate in the neural tube?
•Oligodendrocytes
•Microglia
•Astrocytes
•Ependymal cells
Which neurons originate from the neural tube?
•Cortical neurons
•Motor neurons
What does each type of glial cell originate from?
Neural Crest
•Microglial
•Satellite
•Schwann
Neural Tube
•Oligodendrocyte
•Schwann
•Microglia?
•Astrocytes
•Ependymal cells
What are the components of Primary Expansion?
•Forebrain
•Midbrain
•Hindbrain
What is the other names for the Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain?
Forebrain - Prosencephalon
Midbrain - Mesencephalon
Hindbrain Rhombencephalon
What does the Forebrain divide into?
The Telencephalon and the Diencephalon
What do the Telencephalon and Diencephalon originate from?
The Forebrain
What does the Midbrain divide into?
It does not divide
What does the Hindbrain divide into?
The Metencephalon and the Myelencephalon
What does the Metencephalon and Myelencephalon originate from?
The Hindbrain
Which part of the secondary expansion divides the most?
The Telencephalon
What comes from the Diencephalon?
The optic cup
Where does the optic cup come from?
The Diencephalon
What does the Metencephalon become?
The cerebellum and pons
What do the cerebellum and pons originate from?
The Metencephalon
What does the Myelencephalon become?
The Medulla
Where does the Medulla originate?
The Myelencephalon
What happens to the Telencephalon during growth?
It encapsulates the diencephalon
What does the Longitudinal fissure divide?
The left and right hemispheres of the brain
What does the central sulcus divide?
The frontal lobe and the parietal lobe
What does the Lateral (Sylvian fissure) divide?
The frontal and parietal lobe from the Temporal lobe
What is in front of the central sulcus?
The precentral gyrus
What is behind the central sulcus?
The postcentral gyrus
What lobe is the precentral gyrus in?
The Frontal lobe
What lobe is the postcentral gyrus in?
Parietal lobe
What is contained in the precentral gyrus?
The primary motor cortex
What is contained in the postcentral gyrus?
The primary somatosensory cortex
What dies the Parieto-occipital sulcus divide?
The parietal lobe and the occipital lobeq
What does the occipital lobe house?
The primary visual cortex
What does the temporal lobe house?
The primary auditory cortex
What do the Thalamus and Hypothalamus originate from?
The diencephalon
What does the Telencephalon and Diencephalon (Prosencephalon collectively) give rise to?
•Cerebral cortex
•Thalamus
•Hypothalamus
What develops from the metencephalon?
The cerebellum and the pons
What do the cerebellum and pons originate from?
The metencephalon
What is included in the hindbrain?
The Pons, Cerebellum and Medulla
What is the Thalamus?
A relay station that any neuronal information stops at before going to the cortex
What information does not stop at the Thalamus?
Olfaction
What does the Cerebellar cortex do?
Helps coordinate movements in real time
What does the basal ganglia do?
Helps start and stop movements
What sits in front of the Primary motor cortex?
The Premotor cortex
What does the Premotor cortex do?
Decides the movements
What does the back part of the frontal cortex do?
Plans and executes movements
What happens in the Prefrontal Association cortex?
•Personality
•Decision making
•Uniqueness
What does Broca’s motor speech area do?
The area of the brain that coordinates the movement of speech
What does Wernicke’s area do?
Understands words
What is the Basal Ganglia?
A cluster of cell bodies that helps coordinate voluntary movement
What is the Brain protected by?
•Bone
•Meninges
•CSF
What are the three meninges?
•Dura mater
•Arachnoid mater
•Pia mater
What is the Hardest Meninges?
The Dura mater
How do you know your looking at arachnoid mater?
Anytime you look through the brain and see blood vessels you are looking through the arachnoid mater
What is the Dura Mater stitched to?
The skull
What is the Dura Mater supplied by?
The Middle Meningeal Artery
What is the CSF between?
The Pia Mater and the overlapping Arachnoid Mater
What is the Falx Cerebri?
The Dura mater between the two hemispheres
Where is the Dura Mater attached to the Skull?
Crista Galli and internal occipital bone tuberance
