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Neuro 3 > Lecture 19: Limbic System > Flashcards

Lecture 19: Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

What led to the limbic system?

A

The search for cortical representation of feeling

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2
Q

What is the overall idea behind the limbic system?

A

Emotionally significant stimuli activate sensory pathways that trigger the hypothalamus (controls the ANS) to modulate heart, blood pressure and respiration

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3
Q

What are the main structures of the limbic system?

A
  • Hippocampal formation
  • Amygdala
  • Hypothalamus
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Anterior, Lateral Dorsal and Dorsal medial nuclei of the thalamus
  • Limbic association cortices
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4
Q

What makes up the hippocampal formation?

A

Hippocampus, fornix and dentate gyrus

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5
Q

What does dysfunction to any structure of the limbic system cause?

A

Psychiatric disorders

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6
Q

What is the amygdala involved in?

A

The formation and storage of information related to emotional events, long term memory formation and recognizing danger or fear

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7
Q

Which lobe does the amygdala sit in?

A

In the frontal lobe

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8
Q

What does the amygdala have a hardwired connection to?

A

The hypothalamus, the hippocampus and the nuclei involved in reward and emotional response

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9
Q

What helps us to:
- Form and store information related to emotional events
- Facilitate long term memory formation
- Help us recognize when we are in danger or fearful of something?

A

The amygdala

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10
Q

What does the Amygdala do?

A

Helps us to:
- Form and store information related to emotional events
- Facilitate long term memory formation
- Help us recognize when we are in danger or fearful of something?

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11
Q

What does injury to the amygdala affect?

A
  • Memory formation
  • Emotional sensitivity
  • Learning and retention
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
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12
Q

Injury to where effects:
- Memory formation
- Emotional sensitivity
- Learning and retention
- Depression
- Anxiety

A

The amygdala

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13
Q

What happens when animals have their amygdala’s removed?

A

The animals become very docile

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14
Q

A lesion to where can cause animals to become very docile?

A

The amygdala

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15
Q

How was the amygdala found to be an emotionally aggressive area of the brain?

A

Animals with their amygdala removed became very docile

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16
Q

What does the Amygdala sit anterior to?

A

The hippocampus

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17
Q

What sits anterior to the hippocampus?

A

The amygdala

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18
Q

What is the Fornix?

A

The connection of the hippocampus to the hypothalamus

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19
Q

What is the connection of the hippocampus to the hypothalamus?

A

The Fornix

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20
Q

What is the Stria Terminalis?

A

The connection of the amygdala to the hypothalamus

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21
Q

What connects the amygdala to the hypothalamus?

A

The stria terminalis

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22
Q

What does the limbic system being a circuit allow us to do?

A

Start anywhere

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23
Q

What is the Hippocampus?

A

A large nucleus in the parahippocampal gyrus with multiple functions

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24
Q

What is the large nucleus in the parahippocampal gyrus known as?

A

The hippocampus

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25
Q

What is the main function of the hippocampus?

A

Converts short term memory to long term memory

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26
Q

Where does the hippocampus have its cell bodies?

A

In the hippocampal formation

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27
Q

What has its cell bodies in the hippocampal formation?

A

The hippocampus

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28
Q

Where does the hippocampus extend its axons to?

A

The hypothalamus

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29
Q

What are the two axons of the hippocampus to the hypothalamus?

A

Fimbriae and fornix

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30
Q

What are fimbriae and fornix?

A

Axons from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus

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31
Q

What is the crus?

A

Where the two fornices from the hippocampus come together

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32
Q

What is the body of the fornix?

A

The midline structure that makes up the lateral ventricle

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33
Q

Where does the hippocampus end?

A

At the mamillary bodies

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34
Q

What synapses at the mamillary bodies?

A

The hippocampal axons

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35
Q

In the limbic circuit where does it go from the hippocampus?

A

The Mamillary bodies

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36
Q

In the limbic circuit, where does it go from the mamillary bodies?

A

The thalamus

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37
Q

Where does the tract from the mamillary bodies synapse in the thalamus?

A

Anterior or lateral dorsal or medial dorsal nuclei of the thalamus

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38
Q

What synapses at the anterior, lateral or medial dorsal nuclei of the thalamus?

A

The mamillary bodies

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39
Q

Where do axons from the thalamus project to in the limbic system?

A

The cingulate gyrus

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40
Q

What lobes are part of the cingulate gyrus?

A

The frontal and parietal lobe

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41
Q

Where do axons go from the cingulate gyrus in the limbic system?

A

To all over the brain

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42
Q

What is the order of limbic projects starting with the hippocampus?

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Mamillary bodies
  3. Thalamus
  4. Cingulate gyrus
  5. Widespread throughout the brain
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43
Q

What does the Fornix do?

A

Connects the hippocampus to the hypothalamus

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44
Q

What is the most anterior part of the hippocampus?

A

The pes hippocampus

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45
Q

What is the pes hippocampus?

A

The most anterior part of the hippocampus

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46
Q

What sits underneath the fornix?

A

The third ventricle

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47
Q

What is the Dentate gyrus a part of?

A

The hippocampus

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48
Q

What are the output regions of the dentate gyrus?

A

CA regions

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49
Q

What do the cell bodies of the dentate gyrus communicate with?

A

Different CA regions

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50
Q

Where do CA regions send their axons out as?

A

The fornix

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51
Q

What is the Perforant pathway?

A

The pathway that the entorhinal cortex used to project to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus

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52
Q

How does the entorhinal cortex project to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus?

A

Via the perforant pathway

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53
Q

What is the entorhinal cortex?

A

The region around the hippocampus

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54
Q

How is the hippocampus affected in people with Alzheimer’s?

A

People with Alzheimer’s have atrophies hippocampi

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55
Q

Where is the limbic association cortex located?

A

On the medial surface of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes

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56
Q

What is located on the medial surface of the frontal, parietal and temporal lboes?

A

The limbic association cortex

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57
Q

What is the limbic association cortex?

A

The areas that the limbic system is projecting to

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58
Q

What did Papez suggest?

A

The limbic lobe forms a neural circuit that provides the neuroanatomical basis for the elaboration of emotions

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59
Q

What did Papez suggest emotion is?

A

Not a function of any specific brain center but a circuit that involved for basic structures interconnected through several nervous bundles

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60
Q

What are the nervous bundles involved in the limbic system suggested by Papez?

A
  • Hypothalamus with mamillary bodies
  • Anterior thalamic nucleus
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Hippocampus
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61
Q

How did Papez propose that the cortex influences the hypothalamus?

A

Through connections of the cingulate gyrus and hippocampus

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62
Q

What is the Limbic circuit of Papez?

A

A work flow from the cingulate gyrus back to the hippocampus that explains the hippocampus

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63
Q

What are the steps in the Papez circuit starting with the hippocampus?

A
  1. Hippocampus goes along the fornix to the hypothalamus and mammillary bodies
  2. From the mamillary bodies to the thalamus through the mammillothalamic tract
  3. From the thalamus to the cingulate gyrus
  4. From the cingulate gyrus to the cortex
  5. From the cortex back to the cingulate gyrus and to the hippocampal formation
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64
Q

In the circuit of Papez, where does it go after the hippocampus?

A

From the hippocampus going along the fornix it goes to the hypothalamus and mammillary bodies

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65
Q

In the Papez circuit, what happens after reaching the hypothalamus and mammillary bodies?

A

It goes via the mammillothalamic tract to the thalamus

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66
Q

What does the Fornix do?

A

Carries information from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus and mammillary bodies

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67
Q

What carries information from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus and mammillary bodies?

A

The fornix

68
Q

What does the mammillothalamic tract do?

A

Carries information from the mamillary bodies to the thalamus

69
Q

What tract carries information from the mamillary bodies to the thalamus?

A

The mammillothalamic tract

70
Q

Where is information from the thalamus first carried in the circuit of Papez?

A

It is carried from the thalamus to the cingulate gyrus

71
Q

Where is information from the cingulate gyrus first carried in the circuit of Papez?

A

It is carried from the cingulate gyrus to the cortex

72
Q

Where is information from the cortex carried in the circuit of Papez?

A

It is carried back to the cingulate gyrus

73
Q

Where is information from the circuit of Papez carried after returning to the cingulate gyrus?

A

It is carried via the cingulum to the hippocampus

74
Q

What is the cingulum?

A

The tract that carries information from the cingulate gyrus to the the hippocampus

75
Q

What tract carries information from the cingulate gyrus to the hippocampal formation?

A

The cingulum

76
Q

What is the second version of the limbic circuit called?

A

The Paul Mclean version

77
Q

What was left out in the circuit of Papez?

A

The amygdala

78
Q

What did the Paul Mclean version of the limbic circuit add?

A

Amygdala

79
Q

What is the difference between the circuit of Papez and current version?

A

In the current version, both the hippocampus and the amygdala both talk to the hypothalamus. And the hypothalamus can go straight to the prefrontal cortex or through the cingulate gyrus to the prefrontal cortex

80
Q

Overall what are the differences in the circuit of papez and the current version?

A
  • Hippocampus and amygdala both send inputs to the hypothalamus
  • Hypothalamus can go straight to the prefrontal cortex or through the cingulate gyrus to the cortex
81
Q

What neural body did the Paul Mclean circuit (current limbic circuit version) add?

A

The amygdala

82
Q

What are the bodies in the current limbic circuit starting with the entorhinal cortex?

A
  1. Entorhinal cortex or periamygdaloid
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Mammillary bodies
  4. Thalamus
  5. Cingulate gyrus
  6. Cortex
  7. Cingulate gyrus
  8. Hippocampus or entorhinal cortex
83
Q

What is the Periamygdaloid?

A

Area around the amygdala

84
Q

Starting at the Entorhinal cortex or periamygdaloid where does the current limbic circuit go?

A

To the amygdala

85
Q

From the amygdala in the current limbic circuit, where does it go?

A

To the hippocampus

86
Q

What are the two routes to the hippocampus in the current limbic circuit?

A
  • From the entorhinal cortex or periamygdaloid to the hippocampus
  • Amygdala to the hippocampus
87
Q

Where does the limbic circuit go after reaching hippocampus in the current system?

A

To the mammillary bodies

88
Q

Where does the current limbic circuit system go after reaching the Mamillary bodies?

A

The thalamus

89
Q

What tract connects the mamillary bodies to the thalamus?

A

The Mammillothalamic tract

90
Q

What does the Mammillothalamic tract do?

A

Connects the mamillary bodies to the thalamus in the limbic circuit

91
Q

In the current limbic circuit where does it go after the Thalamus?

A

The cingulate gyrus

92
Q

Where does the cingulate gyrus project to?

A

The Cortex and back to the hippocampus or entorhinal cortex

93
Q

What does the Cingulum do?

A

Carries information from the cingulate gyrus to the hippocampus or entorhinal cortex

94
Q

What do the amygdala and hippocampus work together to do?

A

Store memories with emotional links

95
Q

What is the amygdala responsible for?

A

Love, anger, fear, sexual desire/arousal, preferences in food, preference in sexual partners

96
Q

What happens if both amygdala are removed?

A

Animals show extreme docility

97
Q

What is responsible for: Love, anger, fear, sexual desire/arousal, preferences in food, preference in sexual partners?

A

The amygdala

98
Q

What is the hippocampal formation responsible for?

A

Learning and memory and storage of making short term to long term memories

99
Q

What is responsible for learning and memory and storage of making short term to long term memories?

A

The hippocampal formation

100
Q

What happens if the left hippocampus is damaged?

A

Auditory/vocal memory loss

101
Q

What happens if both hippocampi are removed?

A

Anterograde amnesia

102
Q

What causes auditory/vocal memory loss?

A

Damage to the left hippocampus

103
Q

What causes anterograde amnesia?

A

Both hippocampi being removed

104
Q

What two major limbic function do the hippocampal formation and amygdala mediate?

A
  1. Learning and Memory
  2. Emotions
105
Q

What is the Amygdala?

A

Part of the limbic system most specifically involved with emotional experiences (learned emotion responses) and behavioural expression

106
Q

What does stimulation of the amygdala cause?

A

Feeling of fear/aprehension

107
Q

What do lesions to the amygdala in animals cause?

A

Tameness and fearlessness

108
Q

What does the Hippocampal formation have an indirect role in?

A

Emotion

109
Q

How does the hippocampal formation have an indirect role in emotion?

A

It is involved in explicit (declarative) memory, memory consolidation and learning from emotional experiences

110
Q

What is the Lateral Amygdala linked to?

A

The neocortex

111
Q

What is the Anterior Commissure?

A

The connection between the two amygdala

112
Q

What is the connection between the two amygdala?

A

The anterior commissure

113
Q

What is the Medial Amygdala linked to?

A

The striatum

114
Q

What does the medial amygdala connect to?

A

The Motor and brainstem

115
Q

What does stimulation to the hypothalamus cause?

A

Extreme pleasure

116
Q

What does the Medial Forebrain bundle connect?

A

Connects the amygdala to the hypothalamus

117
Q

What is the lateral hypothalamus known as?

A

The pleasure center

118
Q

What is the Ventromedial hypothalamus known as?

A

The aversion center

119
Q

Where is the pleasure center?

A

The lateral hypothalamus

120
Q

Where is the aversion center?

A

The ventromedial hypothalamus

121
Q

What are the reward centers of the brain?

A

The septal nuclei and nucleus accumbens

122
Q

What are the septal nuclei and nucleus accumbens together?

A

The reward center of the brain

123
Q

Where do the Septal Nuclei and Nucleus Accumbens project?

A

Throughout the hypothalamus and maintain connections with amygdala, hippocampus, cingulum and reticular formation

124
Q

Where in the brain are the septal nuclei found?

A

In the frontal part of the frontal lobe

125
Q

How do drugs affect the septal nuclei?

A

The trigger the release of dopamine at these centers

126
Q

What can a bilateral lesion of the frontal gyri cause?

A
  • Difficulties concentration
  • Loss of initiative
  • Apathy
  • Cannot decide
127
Q

What can a bilateral lesion of the orbital cortex cause?

A
  • Unstable emotional behavior
  • Loss of inhibition
  • Inappropriate social behavior
128
Q

What does bilateral of the temporal pole (amygdala and entorhinal cortex) cause?

A
  • Removal of fearlessness
  • But if you stimulate it: Anxiety, fear, panic
129
Q

What does Bilateral lesion of the Parahippocampal gyrus cause?

A

No new memory

130
Q

Where does the Limbic association cortex receive information from?

A

Higher order sensory areas, esp. the prefrontal cortex and the parieto-temporal-occipital (PTO) association cortex

131
Q

Where does the limbic association cortex convey information from the cortex and PTO to?

A

The amygdala and the hippocampus

132
Q

What does the Amygdala do when the limbic association cortex conveys information from higher-order sensory areas to it?

A

It uses the sensory information to link a particular stimuli with specific emotions

133
Q

What does the Hippocampus do when the limbic association cortex conveys information from higher-order sensory areas to it?

A

It learns the more complex setting of the environment

134
Q

What are the steps involving the hippocampal formation and amygdala when we have a stimuli?

A
  1. Information will be in the cortex
  2. Then will go to the PTO
  3. Information will then go to the limbic association cortex
  4. Then to the amygdala and hippocampus
135
Q

What are the hippocampal afferents (what projects to the hippocampus)?

A
  1. reward centers
  2. Frontal lobe and parietal lobe vis cingulate gyrus
  3. Amygdala
136
Q

What are the hippocampal efferents (where does the hippocampus project to)?

A
  1. Cell bodies in the CA region
  2. Mamillary bodies
  3. Cingulate gyrus and cortex
  4. Septal nuclei
  5. Amygdala
137
Q

What are the amygdala afferents (what projects to the amygdala)?

A
  1. Higher order center in the temporal lobe and insula
  2. Different association cortices
  3. Olfacotry bulb
  4. Brainstem nuclei (NTS) - stretching of bowels
138
Q

What are the two main Amygdala efferencts?

A

The Ventral Amygdalofugal pathway and the Stria Terminalis

139
Q

What is the Stria Terminalis?

A

An axon tract that goes from the amygdala to the hypothalamus or the nucleus accumbens for reward

140
Q

What is the Amygdalofugal pathway?

A

An axon tract that goes from the amygdala to the hypothalamus and thalamus reward centers of the brain and causes the fear response

141
Q

What disorders is the amygdala strongly implicated in?

A

Mood disorders, including depression and anxiety and substance abuse

142
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A

When lesions to the amygdala cause fearlessness, docileness

143
Q

What can damage to the hippocampus cause?

A

Severe anterograde amnesia and Alzheimer’s disease

144
Q

What are the four major neurotransmitters in the limbic system?

A
  1. Dopamine
  2. Serotonin
  3. Norepinephrine
  4. Acetylcholine
145
Q

Where does the dopamine in the limbic system come from?

A

The midbrain - substantia nigra, VTA

146
Q

Where does Serotonin in the limbic system come from?

A

Reticular formation neurons - raphe

147
Q

Where does Norepinephrine of the limbic system come from?

A

Involved in the reticular activating system – floor of 4th ventricle

148
Q

Where does the Acetycholine in the limbic system come from?

A

The basal forebrain cholinergic neurons

149
Q

Where are Dopaminergic projections in the limbic system from?

A

Midbrain Ventral Tegmental Area & SNc

150
Q

What do Dopaminergic projections from from the midbrain VTA travel through to get to the limbic areas?

A

The medial forebrain bundle

151
Q

Where do Dopaminergic projection in the limbic system go?

A

Limbic areas, amygdala and Hippocampal formation (involved in emotions, memory & learning)

152
Q

What structures are apart of the Limbic association cortex?

A

Periamygdaloid cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, entorhinal cortex, cingulate gyrus and frontal region.

153
Q

Where is the VTA?

A

In the midbrain

154
Q

Where does the VTA project to?

A

The Medial forebrain bundle

155
Q

Where does the medial forebrain bundle go to?

A

The nucleus accumbens, and then projects back to the thalamus and reward centers of the brain

156
Q

What do drugs for schizophrenia do?

A

Block dopamine receptors

157
Q

Where does serotonin in the limbic system come from?

A

The reticular formation (raphe nuclei)

158
Q

What do serotonergic projections in the limbic system travel via?

A

The medial forebrain bundle

159
Q

Where do serotonergic projections in the limbic system project to?

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, striatum & cerebral Cortex

160
Q

What do drugs that block serotonin reuptake mechanisms (SSRIs) do?

A

Treat depression, anxiety and OCD

161
Q

Where do Noradrenergic projections to the limbic system come from?

A

The Locus coeruleus

162
Q

What do Noradrenergic projections in the limbic system travel via?

A

The medial forebrain bundle

163
Q

Where do Noradrenergic projections in the limbic system project to?

A

Entire cerebral cortex, including limbic association areas, limbic structures

164
Q

Where do Cholinergic projections to the limbic system come from?

A

Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (incl. Nucleus Accumbens and Septal Nuclei)

165
Q

What do cholinergic projections in the limbic system travel via?

A

Diverse pathways

166
Q

Where do cholinergic projections in the limbic system project to?

A

Entire cerebral cortex, limbic association cortex, amygdala, hippocampal formation

167
Q

What neurotransmitter is lost in Alzheimers disease?

A

Acetycholine

Neuro 3 (21 decks)

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