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Neuro 3 > Lecture 11: Brainstem Nuclei > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Brainstem Nuclei Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the cerebral peduncle/cerebral crus important?

A

Because it is part of the pathway of the corticospinal tracts

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2
Q

What nerve exits between the midbrain and the pons?

A

The Oculomotor Nerve CN III

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3
Q

Where does CN III exit the brainstem?

A

Between the midbrain and the pons

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4
Q

What is the pons mainly made of?

A

Ascending and descending axon tracts that connect to the cerebellum

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5
Q

What part of the brainstem is mainly made of ascending and descending axon tracts that connect to the cerebellum?

A

The pons

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6
Q

What exits laterally on the pons?

A

The trigeminal nerve V

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7
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve V exit the brainstem?

A

Laterally on the pons

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8
Q

What is the function of the basilar groove?

A

It is the part of the brainstem where the basilar artery sits laterally on the pons

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9
Q

What nerves are found in the pontomedullary angle?

A

*Abducens nerve VI
*Facial nerve VII
*Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

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10
Q

In terms of part of the brainstem what pathway runs anteriorly?

A

The corticospinal tracts

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11
Q

What makes up the pyramids of the brainstem?

A

The corticospinal tracts

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11
Q

What makes up the pyramids of the brainstem?

A

The corticospinal tracts

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12
Q

What sits laterally to the pyramids on the brainstem?

A

The olive (the olivary nucleus or olivary complex)

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13
Q

What nerve exits between the olives and the pyramids?

A

The hypoglossal nerve CN XII

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14
Q

What nerves are lateral to the olives?

A

Glossopharyngeal CN IX
Vagus CN X
Spinal Accessory CN XI

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15
Q

What is the pyramidal decussation?

A

Where the corticospinal tracts crossover in the medulla

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16
Q

Where do the corticospinal tracts crossover?

A

At the pyramidal decussation in the medulla

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17
Q

Where does the pineal gland sit?

A

Between the posterior nuclei of the thalamus

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18
Q

What sits between the posterior nuclei of the thalamus?

A

The pineal gland

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19
Q

What sits posterior on the midbrain?

A

The inferior and superior colliculi

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20
Q

Where do the inferior and superior colliculi sit?

A

Posteriorly on the midbrain

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21
Q

What is tectum?

A

The four superior and inferior colliculi

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22
Q

What is the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

The large axon tract that goes from the pons to the cerebellum and vice versa

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23
Q

What are the cerebellar peduncles?

A

Axon tracts coming and going from the cerebellum

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24
Q

What kind of nucleus is the mesencephalic nucleus?

A

An afferent nucleus

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25
Q

What is the function of the Mesencephalic nucleus V?

A

General sensory afferent for proprioception for the muscles of mastication

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26
Q

What nucleus carries general sensory afferent for proprioception for the muscles of mastication?

A

The mesencephalic nucleus V

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27
Q

What trigeminal nucleus sits at the level of the pons?

A

Principal/Chief Nucleus V

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28
Q

What is the function of the Principal/Chief Nucleus?

A

General sensory afferents of CN V and VII for tactile and discriminative touch

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29
Q

What nucleus carries general sensory afferents of CN V and VII for tactile and discriminative touch?

A

The Principal/Chief Nucleus V

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30
Q

What nerves are the principal/chief nucleus associated with?

A

V trigeminal
VII facial

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31
Q

What is the function of the spinal trigeminal nucleus?

A

Pain for any of the trigeminal nerve branches, touch of any of the orifices (cornea, nose, throat, etc)

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32
Q

How is the spinal trigeminal nucleus associated with CN V?

A

It carries pain and temperature of face and neck and touch of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and cornea

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33
Q

How is the spinal trigeminal nucleus associated with CN IX?

A

It carries touch from the pharynx and esophagus and posterior 1/3 of the tongue

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34
Q

How is the spinal trigeminal nucleus associated with CN X?

A

It carries touch from the pharynx, larynx and esophagus

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35
Q

What nerves are associated with the spinal trigeminal nucleus?

A

V - Trigeminal
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus

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36
Q

What is the function of the Vestibulocochlear nucleus?

A
  • Balance and head position
  • Auditory system
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37
Q

What CN is the vestibulocochlear nerve associated with?

A

CN VIII vestibulocochlear

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38
Q

What are the two parts of the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract?

A

The Rostral and Caudal part

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39
Q

What is the function of the Rostral part of the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract?

A

Special Sense
VII taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
IX taste to post 1/3 of the tongue

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40
Q

Which function is associated with the Rostral part of the nucleus of the solitary tract?

A

Special sense of taste from VII and IX

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41
Q

What is the function of the Caudal part of the nucleus of the solitary tract?

A

IX - Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors from the carotid sinus and carotid body
X - General vagus afferents from the entire abdomen

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42
Q

What nucleus is responsible for taste from VII and IX?

A

The rostral part of the nucleus of the solitary tract

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43
Q

What nucleus is responsible for baro and chemoreceptors in the carotid and vagus afferent from the abdomen?

A

The caudal part of the nucleus of the solitary tract

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44
Q

What are the nuclei of the Parasympathetic Column?

A

*Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
*Superior/Inferior Salivary Nuclei
*DMV Nucleus

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45
Q

What is the function of the Edinger-Westphal Nucleus?

A

III: Preganglionic parasympathetic go here to synapse, then go on the ciliary ganglion, ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae

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46
Q

What CN is the eddinger westphal nucleus associated with?

A

CN III - oculomotor

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47
Q

What is the function of the Superior/Inferior Salivary Nuclei?

A

VII - superior lacrimal gland, submandibular, sublingual salivary glands (submandibular ganglion)
XI - inferior otic ganglion, parotid salivary gland

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48
Q

What CN are the Superior/Inferior Salivary Nuclei associated with?

A

VII Facial
IX Glossopharyngeal

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49
Q

What is the function of the DMV Nucleus?

A

X - Parasympathetic efferent for cardiovascular, respiratory and GI

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50
Q

What CN is the DMV Nucleus associated with?

A

X - Vagus

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51
Q

What are the Somatic Muscle Nuclei?

A

*Oculomotor Nucleus
*Trochlear Nucleus
*Abducens Nucleus
*Hypoglossal Nucleus

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52
Q

What is the function of the oculomotor nucleus?

A

III: Levator palpebrae superioris and all extraocular muscles except LR6SO4

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53
Q

What CN is associated with the oculomotor nucleus?

A

CN III

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54
Q

What is the function of the Trochlear Nuclues?

A

Control SO4

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55
Q

What CN is associated with the Trochlear nucleus?

A

IV Trochlear

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56
Q

What is the function of the Abducens Nucleus?

A

VI Controls LR6

57
Q

What CN is associated with the Abducens nucleus?

A

VI Abducens

58
Q

What is the function of the hypoglossal nucleus?

A

XII: extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue

59
Q

What CN is associated with the hypoglossal nucleus?

A

XII Hypoglossal

60
Q

What is the function of the Trigeminal Motor Nucleus?

A

Motor control of the muscles of mastication and the Tensor Tympani

61
Q

What CN is the Trigeminal Motor nucleus associated with?

A

V Trigeminal

62
Q

What is the function of the facial motor nucleus?

A

Controls the muscles of facial expression and the stapedius muscle

63
Q

What CN is the Facial Motor Nucleus associated with?

A

VII Facial

64
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus Ambiguus?

A

IX: Stylopharyngeus (swallowing)
X: Muscles of soft palate, pharynx, larynx esophagus (speech and swallowing)

65
Q

What CNs is the Nucleus Ambiguus associated with?

A

IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus

66
Q

What is the function of the Spinal Accessory C1-C5?

A

Travels up foramen magnum goes through jugular foramen and innervates the SCM and trapezius muscle. Controls head and shoulder movement

67
Q

What CN is the Spinal Accessory associated with?

A

XI Spinal Accessory

68
Q

What are the nuclei of the Branchiomotor column?

A

*Trigeminal motor nucleus
*Facial motor nucleus
*Nucleus ambiguus
*Spinal Accessory

69
Q

Which CN nuclei are in the midbrain?

A

III and IV

70
Q

Which CN nuclei are in the pons?

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

71
Q

Which cranial nuclei are in the medulla?

A

IX, X, XI, XII

72
Q

What nuclei pass through the caudal medulla?

A

*Spinal Trigeminal nucleus
*Nucleus of the solitary tract
*Hypoglossal nucleus
*DMVN
*Nucleus Ambiguus

73
Q

What can be observed in the caudal medulla?

A

*The pyramids
*The pyramidal decussation of the corticospinal tract
*The dorsal columns and the gracile and cuneate nucleus
*The trigeminal nucleus

74
Q

What can be observed in the closed medulla?

A

*Sensory decussation of the dorsal columns (gracile and cuneate tract)
*Gracile and Cuneate nucleus
*Medial lemniscal tract
*Corticospinal tract

75
Q

What mainly occurs at the Caudal medulla?

A

Pyramidal Decussation

76
Q

What mainly occurs at the closed medulla?

A

Sensory decussation of the dorsal columns

77
Q

What level of the brainstem does Pyramidal decussation occur?

A

The Caudal Medulla

78
Q

What level of the brainstem does the sensory decussation occur?

A

Closed medulla

79
Q

What is the squiggly part of the open medulla?

A

The olivary nucleus

80
Q

What can be seen in the rostral (open) medulla?

A

*Inferior olivary nucleus
*The pyramids
*Medial Lemniscal pathway
*Corticospinal tract
*Spinothalamic tract
*Fourth ventricle
*Inferior cerebellar peduncle

81
Q

What is mainly seen at the open (rostral) medulla?

A

The inferior olivary nucleus

82
Q

At what level is the inferior olivary nucleus seen?

A

The open medulla

83
Q

What nuclei pass through the closed medulla?

A

*Spinal Trigeminal nucleus
*Nucleus of the solitary tract
*Hypoglossal nucleus
*DMVN
*Nucleus Ambiguus

84
Q

What nuclei pass through the open medulla?

A

*Spinal Trigeminal nucleus
*Nucleus of the solitary tract
*Hypoglossal nucleus
*DMVN
*Nucleus Ambiguus
*Vestibulospinal

85
Q

What nuclei are at the level of the caudal pons?

A

*Abducens nuclei
*Facial nuclei
*Trigeminal motor nucleus

86
Q

What level of the brainstem is the:
*Abducens nuclei
*Facial nuclei
*Trigeminal motor nucleus

A

The caudal pons

87
Q

What is the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Where the dorsal spinocerebellar, and the cuneocerebellar tracts go from the ipsilateral spinal cord to the cerebellum

88
Q

What level of the brainstem is the inferior cerebellar peduncle found?

A

At the rostral (open) medulla

89
Q

What is seen at the level of the caudal pons?

A

*Fourth ventricle and some cerebellum
*Middle cerebellar peduncle
*Pontine nuclei
*Axon tracts descending (corticospinal)
*Axon tract ascending (medial lemniscal)

90
Q

What are the different axon tracts seen in the pons?

A

*Middle cerebellar peduncle - axon tracts running horizontally to the cerebellar lobes
*Axon tracts descending - corticospinal
*Axon tract ascending - medial lemniscal

91
Q

What is found in the mid-pons?

A

*Level of the trigeminal nerve
*Middle cerebellar peduncle
*Axon tracts
*Nuclei

92
Q

What is mainly found at the mid-pons?

A

The trigeminal nerve

93
Q

What level of the brainstem is the trigeminal nerve found?

A

The mid-pons

94
Q

What is found at the level of the rostral pons?

A

Ascending and Descending fiber tracts and some nuclei

95
Q

What lets you know that you are at the level of the midbrain?

A

Seeing mickey mouse

96
Q

What is mainly found in the caudal midbrain?

A

The inferior colliculus and substantia nigra

97
Q

Where is the inferior colliculus found?

A

In the caudal midbrain

98
Q

What is found at the level of the rostral midbrain?

A

The superior colliculus
Cerebral crus and peduncle
Substantia nigra
Red nucleus
Periaqueductal grey matter

99
Q

What is the main thing found at the Rostral midbrain?

A

The superior colliculous

100
Q

What level of the brainstem is the superior colliculus found?

A

The Rostral Midbrain

101
Q

What are the major ascending tracts of the brainstem?

A

*Dorsal Columns/Media Lemniscal pathway
*Spinothalamic tract
*Trigeminothalamic tract

102
Q

What are the afferent pathways in the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle?

A

*Spinocerebellar tract
*Cuneocerebellar tracts
*Oliviocerebellar tracts
*Vestibulocerebellar tracts

103
Q

What is the pathway of the spinocerebellar tracts?

A

They go from the brainstem to the cerebellum

104
Q

What is the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Axon tracts going from the brainstem to the cerebellum

105
Q

What is the purpose of the vestibulocerebellar tract?

A

Allows us to know the position of the head in space

106
Q

What are the major descending tracts in the brainstem?

A

*Corticospinal
*Corticopontine
*Corticobulbar
*Vestibulospinal
*Reticulospinal
*Rubrospinal

107
Q

Where do the descending tracts of the brainstem go through?

A

The cerebral peduncle

108
Q

What is the pathway of the Corticospinal, Corticopontine and corticobulbar descending tracts?

A
  1. Neurons in cerebral cortex
  2. Internal capsule
  3. Ventral midbrain where they form cerebral peduncles
  4. Some axons synapse on
    a. Neurons in the pontine nuclei (corticopontine)
    b. Cranial nerve nuclei (corticobulbar)
    c. Some descend to the ventral horn of spinal cord (CST)
109
Q

Where do the Vestibulospinal and reticulospina tracts project to?

A

Spinal motor neurons controlling postural (anti-gravity) muscles

110
Q

What does the Rubrospinal Tract do?

A

Facilitates unconscious flexion of upper limbs

111
Q

What level of the brainstem is the Red Nucleus?

A

The midbrain

112
Q

What is the red nucleus?

A

Where the cell bodies for the rubrospinal tract are found which control unconscious flexion

113
Q

What level of the brainstem is the substantia nigra?

A

The midbrain

114
Q

What is the function of the Substantia Nigra?

A

Houses dopaminergic neurons that project to the striatum (basal ganglia) and is associated with Parkinson’s disease

115
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Loosely arranged neuron cell bodies intermingled with bundles of axons

116
Q

What is the overall function of the Reticular Formation?

A

It receives and integrates input from all regions of the CNS and processes a great deal of neural information

117
Q

How does the Reticular formation control arousal and conciousness?

A

*Reticular Activating System (RAS)
*Involved in Sleep (especially REM)
*Biological Clock

118
Q

What does the reticular formation having the reticulospinal tracts do?

A

Helps to maintain tone and posture

119
Q

How is the Reticular Formation involved in autonomic relays?

A

It houses the interneuron between the tracts

120
Q

How does the Reticular Formation affect pain?

A

Pain can be controlled by the reticular formation through the release of opioids

121
Q

Where does the RF receive signals from?

A

Every sensory pathway

122
Q

What are the afferent projections of the RF?

A

All sensory pathways (general or special sensation)
Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum
Basal ganglia (corpus striatum)
Vestibular nuclei, visual pathway
Thalamus and Hypothalamic nuclei

123
Q

What are the efferent projections of the RF?

A

Reticulobulbar and reticulospinal tracts
Descending pathway to sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow of ANS
Cerebellum
Basal ganglia (corpus striatum)
Thalamus and Hypothalamic nuclei

124
Q

What are the three zones of the RF?

A

Raphe Nuclei
Medial zone
Lateral zone

125
Q

What is mainly found in the raphe zone of the RF?

A

Serotonergic neurons

126
Q

What does the serotonin released by the raphe do?

A

Projects to the limbic system and affects sleep. Also projects to the periaqueductal grey (PAG)

127
Q

What do the serotonin neurons in the PAG do?

A

Alters pain perception by projecting to the dorsal horn and blocking pain transmission from the spinothalamic tract

128
Q

What is the main part of the medial zone of the RF?

A

The reticular activating system

129
Q

What does the reticular activating system do?

A

Projects to the thalamus and the cortex to promote arousal and consciousness vis cholinergic neurons

130
Q

Why is the lateral zone affected by damage?

A

Because it sits laterally and can be easily suppressed

131
Q

What does the lateral zone of the Rf do aside from the tracts it sends out?

A

Controls the cardiorespiratory reflex and receives inputs from chemo and baroreceptors to the NTS to modulate breathing and HR

132
Q

What can a lesion or tumour to the lateral zone of the RF do?

A

Lead to unconsciousness or death because this is where the breathing and HR zones are

133
Q

Where do the reticulospinal tracts come from?

A

The Medial and Lateral zones of the RF

134
Q

What do the Reticulospinal tracts do?

A

Unconsciously act on motor neurons and spinal reflex arcs

135
Q

Where do reticulospinal tracts receive inputs from?

A

The basal ganglia, vestibular nuclei, and substantia nigra, somatosensory and motor cortex

136
Q

What do the Medial zone reticulospinal tracts do?

A

Control posture and balance vis axial (core) musculature

137
Q

What do the Lateral Zone Reticulospinal tracts do?

A

Inhibits limb muscular during sleep

138
Q

What are the steps in the medial reticulospinal tract?

A

It starts ipsilateral and excites leg extensors and flexors so it carries info telling the hamstrings to contract before you bend forward which prevents you from falling forward

139
Q

Which reticulospinal tract is bilateral?

A

The lateral reticulospinal tract

Neuro 3 (21 decks)

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