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Neuro 3 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five segments of the spinal cord?

A

•Cervical
•Thoracic
•Lumbar
•Sacral
•Coccygeal

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2
Q

How many nerves in each segment?

A

•Cervical - 8
•Thoracic - 12
•Lumbar - 5
•Sacral - 5
•Coccygeal - 1

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3
Q

What is the spinal cord continuous with?

A

The medulla

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4
Q

What is the Foramen Magnum?

A

The hole where the spinal cord exits the skull

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5
Q

What level does the spinal cord end at?

A

L1/L2

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6
Q

What is the Spinal cord continuous with?

A

The medulla

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7
Q

What is the Conus Medullaris?

A

The sacral part of the spinal cord at L1/L2 where the spinal cord ends

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8
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7 vertebrae but 8 nerves

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9
Q

Where does the C1 nerve exit?

A

Between the base of the skull and the C1 vertebrae

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10
Q

How are the cervical nerves named?

A

The nerve is named for the vertebrae below it

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11
Q

How are the rest of the nerves (not cervical) named?

A

They are named for the vertebrae above it

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12
Q

What Is the Dural Sac?

A

The continuation of the spinal cord down to S2 that encapsulates tracts in CSF

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13
Q

What are intervertebral foramen?

A

Holes that spinal nerves exit between the vertebrae

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14
Q

Where do Ventral roots leave the Spinal Cord?

A

The anterolateral sulcus

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15
Q

Where do Dorsal roots leave the spinal cord?

A

At the posterolateral sulcus

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16
Q

What are Dorsal Root Gangla?

A

Collection of cell bodies of the sensory nerves

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17
Q

Where is the grey matter of the spinal cord found?

A

In the center

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18
Q

Where does the Posterior Spinal Artery descend?

A

Down the posterior lateral sulcus

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19
Q

Where does the Anterior Spinal Artery sit?

A

In the anterior median fissure

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20
Q

Where does the Anterior Spinal Artery come from?

A

It branches off of the two vertebral arteries and joins together

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21
Q

What is the Denticulate Ligaments?

A

Areas of the Pia mater that branch out and attach to the dura mater through the arachnoid mater and holds up the spinal cord

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22
Q

What is the Filum Terminale?

A

An extension of the Pia mater attaches it to the coccygeal bone. It can be cut without consequence because denticulate ligaments hold the spinal cord in place.

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23
Q

What does the Dura Mater become once the nerve leaves the spinal cord?

A

The epineurium

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24
Q

Where in the spinal cord do Axons enter the spinal cord?

A

At the dorsal root

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25
Q

Where in the spinal cord do Axons leave the spinal cord?

A

At the ventral root

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26
Q

What does the Ventral Root contain?

A

Somatic Motor Axons

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27
Q

What does the Dorsal Root contain?

A

Axons from the sensory part of the body

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28
Q

What is a spinal nerve?

A

The collection of all the ventral and dorsal root axons

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29
Q

What occurs in the Grey matter of the spinal cord?

A

•Sensory neurons can (not always) synapse there
•Cell bodies of motor neurons

30
Q

What are the six sensory tracts in the spinal cord?

A

•Fasciculus gracilis (gracile tract)
•Fasciculus cuneatus (cuneate tract)
•Dorsolateral fasciculus (of Lissauer)
•Posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract
•Spinothalamic and spinoreticular tract
•Anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract

31
Q

What does the Fasciculus Gracilis (Gracile Tract) sense?

A

Light touch

32
Q

What does the Fasciculus cuneatus (cuneate tract) sense?

A

Light touch

33
Q

What does the Posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract sense?

A

Muscle spindles and joints

34
Q

What does the Spinothalamic and spinoreticular tract sense?

A

Pain

35
Q

What does the Anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract sense?

A

Muscle spindles and joints

36
Q

What sensory Tracts sense light touch?

A

•Fasciculus gracilis (gracile tract)
•Fasciculus cuneatus (cuneate tract)

37
Q

What sensory tracts sense Muscles and Spindle joints?

A

•Posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract
•Anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract

38
Q

What tract senses pain?

A

The Spinothalamic and spinoreticular tract

39
Q

What are the two motor pathways?

A

•Lateral (crossed) corticospinal (pyramidal) tract
•Anterior (uncrossed) corticospinal tract

40
Q

What are Cervical and Lumbar Enlargments?

A

When the cervical and lumbar grey matter areas of the spinal cord enlarge because of motor neurons that extend out to limbs

41
Q

What is the arterial supply to the spinal cord?

A

• One anterior spinal artery
• Two posterior spinal artery
•Anterior and Posterior radicular arteries

42
Q

Where does the anterior spinal artery come from?

A

The two branches branch off of the spinal artery and join together

43
Q

Where does the Anterior Spinal Artery sit?

A

The anterior median sulcus

44
Q

Where do the Posterior Spinal Arteries come from?

A

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries (PICA)

45
Q

What does the two Posterior Spinal Arteries sit in?

A

The posterolateral sulcus

46
Q

What do the Anterior and Posterior Radicular Arteries do?

A

Supply to dorsal and ventral roots and the lateral portions of the spinal cord. Anastomoses with anterior spinal artery and helps blood flow there

47
Q

Where do the Anterior and Posterior Radicular Arteries originate from?

A

The Aorta

48
Q

What vessel supplies the inner portion of the spinal cord?

A

The Anterior Spinal Artery

49
Q

What does the Anterior Spinal Artery Supply?

A

Most of the spinal cord and all of the grey matter even in the dorsal horn

50
Q

What does the posterior spinal artery supply?

A

Some of the white matter tract in the spinal cord

51
Q

What can save some of the white matter tracts if the Anterior Spinal Artery is blocked?

A

Blood from the Pial branches of the radicular Artery

52
Q

What is the pathway of a Motor neuron in a typical spinal nerve?

A

It will exit the ventral root go through the vertebral foramen and branch and become DPR (dorsal primary ramus) or the VPR (Ventral Primary Ramus) along with sensory axons

53
Q

What is the pathway of a Sensory neuron in a typical spinal nerve?

A

It will exit the dorsal root go through the vertebral foramen and branch and become DPR (dorsal primary ramus) or the VPR (Ventral Primary Ramus) along with motor axons

54
Q

What does the Dorsal root contain?

A

Purely sensory axons

55
Q

What does the Ventral root contain?

A

Purely motor axons

56
Q

What does the Dorsal Primary Ramus contain?

A

Both sensory and motor axons

57
Q

What does the Ventral Primary Ramus contain?

A

Both motor and sensory axons

58
Q

Why do we use T4 as a typical spinal nerve?

A

Because they stay segmental

59
Q

What are Segmental Spinal Nerves?

A

Spinal nerves that arise from a certain spinal (segmental) level, and innervate somatic structures derived from the somites of that same level. They don’t mix with different level spinal nerves

60
Q

Where are Segmental Spinal arteries usually found?

A

At the Dorsal Primary Ramus and the Ventral Primary Ramus of the Thoracic Nerves. And the Dorsal Primary Rami from C1 to the coccyx (except for the thoracic ones)

61
Q

What are Non-segmental nerves?

A

When the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves (not the thoracic section) fuse to form nerve plexuses with other levels in the spinal cord

62
Q

What innervates the Diaphragm?

A

C3, C4, and C5

63
Q

What does each sensory nerve supply?

A

A dermatome

64
Q

How do Dermatomes work?

A

Even though the sensory nerves intermix to form a plexus, when they reach the skin they stay true to their dermatome

65
Q

What are the two important sensory tracts?

A

•Dorsal Columns-Medial Lemniscal Tract
•Spinothalamic (anterolateral) Tracts

66
Q

What does the Dorsal Columns-Medial Lemniscal Tract sense?

A

light touch, mechanosensory, discriminative touch, conscious proprioception

67
Q

What does the Spinothalamic (anterolateral) Tracts sense?

A

Pain

68
Q

What pathway senses light touch, mechanosensory, discriminative touch, conscious proprioception?

A

Dorsal Columns-Medial Lemniscal Tract

69
Q

What pathway senses pain?

A

Spinothalamic (anterolateral) Tracts

70
Q

What are the two tracts of the Dorsal Columns-Medial Lemniscal Tract?

A

The Gracile tract and the Cuneate Tract

71
Q

What is the difference between the Gracile Tract and the Cuneate Tract?

A

Gracile Tract - Lower limbs
Cuneate Tract - Upper limbs

72
Q

What is the Pathway of the Gracile Tract?

A

Sensation at lower limb ➡️ Travels to spinal cord along Gracile Tract ➡️ Synapses and switches sides at the medulla at the Gracile Nucleus ➡️ Travels up the Medial Lemniscus pathway ➡️ Synapses at the Ventral Posterior Nucleus of the Thalamus ➡️ Primary Sensory Cortex

Neuro 3 (21 decks)

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