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Geography of Canada > Lecture 6: Ontario > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Ontario Flashcards

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1
Q

Why did Ontario become a “have not province”?

A

The 2008 global recession

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2
Q

What were the two options that Drummond and Burton proposed for Ontario in 2008 when it was at a “fork in the road”?

A
  1. Remain in auto manufacturing industry and experience slow growth
  2. Reinvent itself leading to economy driven by high technology
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3
Q

Since Drummond and Burleton’s 2008 report, did Ontario regain its footing? Did it follow dominance curve or wither curve?

A

Yes, it followed the regain dominance curve rather than the wither curve

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4
Q

What are the two environmental challenges that Ontario faces?

A
  1. Air pollution
  2. Water pollution
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5
Q

Where does most of Ontario’s air pollution come from? How can this stop?

A

Vehicle exhaust - when Canadians’ love affair with the automobile ends, which is difficult because of the vast physical geography and urban sprawl

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6
Q

How is Ontario doing in terms of electric car sales?

A

Far behind BC and Quebec, not likely to increase due to Ontario removing consumer subsidy

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7
Q

What is helping Ontario’s air pollution?

A

Switch from coal power, smog no longer a big issue (Toronto had none in 2014)

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8
Q

Where is polluted drinking water most common in Ontario?

A

Indigenous communities

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9
Q

Who funds drinking water in Indigenous communities?

A

80% federal gov, 20% band council (indigenous) - however band councils often do not have financial resources or expertise (they are responsible for building and maintaining it)

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10
Q

Why did the automobile industry fall in Ontario?

A

Developping countries taking over with lower wages - especially Mexico joining NAFTA

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11
Q

What is keeping the auto industry alive in Ontario?

A

Robotic technology and government support

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12
Q

When did automobile production jobs peak in Ontario?

A

1999 and 2000

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13
Q

How many automobile assembly plants are there in Southern Ontario?

A

8

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14
Q

How did Mexico joining NAFTA impact the autombobile industry? How does the new USCMA try to mitigate it?

A

Wages in Mexico are much lower. The USCMA now contains an agreement saying that Mexico auto manufacturers must pay US$16/h to their workers it only applies to 30% of manufacturing in 2023, then 40%

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15
Q

What are the consequences of rising housing prices? (3 consequences)

A

Demise of suburbia, reduced family sizes, homelessness

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16
Q

Where is the Welland Canal?

A

Connects Lake Erie and Lake Ontario

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17
Q

What is the point of the Welland Canal?

A

So ships can pass through and avoid Niagara falls

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18
Q

How was the original Welland canal built?

A

By hand

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19
Q

How many times was the Welland Canal reconstructed to accomodate bigger boats?

A

3 times, 4 canals

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20
Q

Where is Ontario’s economy evolving towards?

A

Knowledge based sector

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21
Q

Why will Ontario likely remain anchored as the centre of Canada’s economy (4 reasons)?

A
  1. large population (39%)
  2. median personal income above national median
  3. greatest cluster of cities, universities, and tech/research centres
  4. central location within NA with several high-volume border crossings into the USA
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22
Q

What 3 physiological regions are found in Ontario?

A
  1. Hudson Bay Lowlands
  2. Canadian Shield
  3. Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Lowlands
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23
Q

How much land mass and population does Northern Ontario occupy?

A

80% land mass, 6% population

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24
Q

How did the most variable topgraphy in Ontario, Niagara escarpment form?

A

Resistant rock remained while weaker rock eroded away

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25
Q

What air masses impact the temperature in Ontario in the summer and winter

A

Summer = hot and humid masses originating in Southeast US and Gulf of Mexico
Winter = cold air masses that originate from prairies and north

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26
Q

Where are snowbelts found?

A

Downwind of lakes (in winter it is often from northwest)

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27
Q

How is lake effect snow formed?

A

Cold air moving over relatively warm water

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28
Q

What lakes do London, Kitchener, and Windsor get lake effect snow from?

A

London and Kitchener from Lake Huron, Windor from Lake Michigan

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29
Q

What part of Ontario received a lot of lake effect clouds?

A

Southern Ontario → Toronto particularly

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30
Q

How does ice impact lake effect clouds and snow?

A

Ice formation on lakes diminish the effects

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31
Q

What causes thunderstorms and tornadoes in Southern Ontario?

A

When warm, moist air comes from Gulf of Mexico and interacts with cooler lake breezes

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32
Q

What does Ontario mean in Iroquois?

A

Beautiful lakes

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33
Q

How are the largest body of fresh water in the world (combination of great lakes) connected?

A

Through straits (referred to as rivers)

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34
Q

Who is responsible for management and care of Great Lakes?

A

Shared by US and Canada

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35
Q

What are the biggest and smallest lakes by volume?

A

Superior and Erie

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36
Q

What does the Welland Canal do?

A

Allows ships to bypass Niagara Falls

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37
Q

What connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean?

A

St. Lawrence Seaway

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38
Q

What is Eutrophication? (will be on exam)

A

The addition of phosphates into lakes from fertilizers and chemicals that run off from agricultural lands)

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39
Q

What are two invasive species are found in Great Lakes

A

Sea lamprey and goby

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40
Q

When did the provincial government close the last coal power plant in Ontario? What replaced them?

A

2014 → Natural gas, nuclear plants, and renewable enerygy

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41
Q

How many wind turbines in Ontario and how much of the electricity demand do they power?

A

2500 → 8%

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42
Q

Where are the best spots for wind turbines?

A

Flat landscapes that are relatively close to lake shorelines → too much wooded area north of Toronto

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43
Q

How was Detroit named?

A

French words de étroit → the straight

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44
Q

Who founded the first settlelment in
Ontario?

A

The French, petit coté (renamed Windsor)

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45
Q

When did British Loyalists come from US to Southern Ontario?

A

Lake 1700s

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46
Q

When did York become capital of Upper Canada?

A

1794 → renamed Toronto in 1834 with 10,000 people

47
Q

What was the objective of the war of 1812 for the USA?

A

Annexation (similar to Russia in Ukraine)

48
Q

What two groups (and their leaders names) merged together to hold back USA in 1812?

A

British forces (Major General Isaac Brock) and Indigenous forces (Chief Tecumseh)W

49
Q

What battle did Isaac Brock die?

A

Battle of Queenston heights along Niagara River

50
Q

What battle did Tecumseh die?

A

Battle of Thames (70km southwest of London)

51
Q

What are the 5 regions in Ontario?

A
  1. Northern
  2. Eastern
  3. Central
  4. Golden Horseshoe
  5. Southwestern
52
Q

What is the Northern Ontario economy based on?

A

Forestry and mining

53
Q

What is the Eastern Ontario economy based on?

A

Jobs in federal government

54
Q

Describe the scanery in Eastern Ontario

A

Lakes, rivers, hills, waterfalls

55
Q

What is the economy of Central Ontario based on?

A

Seasonal tourism and recreation

56
Q

Describe the landscape of Central Ontario

A

Agriculture in south, forest in the north

57
Q

What is the economy of the Golden Horseshoe based on?

A

Finance, Insurance, Health Care, and Education

58
Q

What region of Ontario attracts the most immigrants than any other part of Canada?

A

Golden Horseshoe

59
Q

What is the economy of Southwestern Ontario based on?

A

manufacturing and agriculture

60
Q

What part of America is southwestern Ontario similar to?

A

Midwest

61
Q

What US city influences the culture in the southernmost portion of Southwestern Ontario?

A

Detroit

62
Q

Why is lumber demand decreasing in Northern Ontario?

A

Lower demand for paper → websites replacing newspapers, accounting billing and banking using less paper

63
Q

What is the main export of Northern Ontario forestry?

A

Softwood

64
Q

What is a contract signed between provincial governments and logging companies put strict regulations?

A

Annual Allowable Cut (AAC)

65
Q

What minerals are in the Canadian Shield?

A

Gold, nickel, silver and copper

66
Q

Why do mining towns have a short lifespan?

A

Minerals are non renewable and deplete over time

67
Q

How is Northern Ontario’s population growing compared to national average?

A

Slower

68
Q

4 demographic charecteristics of Northern Ontario:

A
  1. Aging population
  2. Net emigration (especially younger people)
  3. Few immigrants
  4. A small but increasing Indigenous population
69
Q

Why is settlelement difficult in Northern Ontario?

A

The rocky terrain

70
Q

What are the two corridors in which the majority of Northern Ontario’s population is located?

A

Northern branch of Trans-Canada highway (CN railroad)
Southern branch of Trans-Canada highway (CP railroad)

71
Q

Where is over half of the highest quality agricultural land (Class 1) in Canada? Why

A

Southern Ontario → temperature moderation from Great Lakes, moderate and consistent precipitation, fertile soil

72
Q

Where is cropland and livestock farming in Ontario?

A

Cropland in southwest, livestock in Eastern

73
Q

What is the most common crop in Southwestern Ontario?

A

Corn

74
Q

Where and why is tobacco grown in Ontario?

A

Sandplain along north shore of Lake Erie → not much else can grow in sand

75
Q

Where are tomatoes and grapes grown?

A

Extreme southwestern Ontario (leamington)

76
Q

Where is fruit (peaches, cherries, plums) grown in Ontario? (

A

Niagara fruit belt

77
Q

What are the advantages of the microclimate (niagara fruit belt) between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario?

A
  1. Longer frost-free season preventing premature budding
  2. Niagara Escarpment prevents harsh winds
78
Q

What are the 3 reasons for manufacturing taking plcae in Southern Ontario?

A
  1. Proximity to USA
  2. Trade restriction (national policy)
  3. Dize of domestic market (large workforce)
79
Q

What are the 5 parts to the auto industry?

A
  1. materials suppliers
  2. parts production in small factories
  3. vehicle assemnly in massive plants
  4. service frims (advertisers, designers, sales)
  5. corporate (decision makers, admin)
80
Q

What are the benefits of the 1965 US-Canada auto pact that formed one large North American auto industry?

A
  1. Guarentee Canadian plants would not close
  2. Allowed Canadian plants to specialize in certain vehicle models
  3. Reduced price of vehicles
81
Q

What did the Auto Pact do?

A

eliminated the 15% tariff on automobiles and parts and guarenteed Canada a minimum level of automobile production

82
Q

The Auto Pact is the precursor to what?

A

NAFTA

83
Q

How many plants are in southern ontario? what 5 companies?

A

7 plants
1. GM
2. Chrysler
3. Ford
4. Toyota
5. Honda

84
Q

What are the Big 3 automotive companies? What type of vehicle do they dominate?

A

Ford, GM, Chrysler → pick-up trucks, minivans, SUVs

85
Q

Who produces 60% of behicles in North America?

A

Big Three

86
Q

Why did Toyota and Hondo build plants in Ontario in the 80s despite being lured by US jurisdictions?

A
  1. Ontario has highly skilled automotive workforce (but so does Michigan)
  2. publicly funded health care is available and therefore companies do not have to pay for med insurance for their employees
87
Q

Who is a bigger producers of automobiles now? Michigan or Ontario?

A

Ontario

88
Q

What caused 2008-09 recession?

A

Mortgage crisis in USA (1 million families lost their homes to foreclosure)

89
Q

How was the auto industry impacted by the recession?

A

GM and Chrysler could not pay their workers → Ontario exports fell hard → ripple effect throughout manufacturing and service sectors resulted in thousands of layoffs in SWO

90
Q

How was the auto manufacturing industry saved?

A

Bush, Harper, and McGuinty (Ontario Premier) provided billions in loans (all have been paid back) and saved tens of thousands of jobs

91
Q

Why are forestry, mining, and auro industries mostly exported to USA?

A

Candian market can’t aborb it all

92
Q

How much does automobile trade account for in Canada’s trade w/ America?

A

80%

93
Q

Which city in Mexico is the centre of most of the manufacturing in that country?

A

Monterey

94
Q

Besides lower labour costs, what other reasons was the Magna parts company attracted to Mexico?

A
  1. Assmbly and machining→ 6-8% productivity gains annually
  2. flexibility and attitude of workers as they are more open minded
95
Q

Why are Mexico’s many trade agreements beneficial to automakers?

A

having free trade with 44 other countries makes it cheaper to ship to Europe and Asia than from Canada

96
Q

Where is the Technology Triangle of Canada?

A

Kitchener, Waterloo, Cambridge (software companies are headquartered there)

97
Q

What two large US cities have strong relationships both economically and culturally with Canada?

A

Buffalo and Detoit

98
Q

What are 5 geographic impacts of ubranization of the Goden Horseshoe?

A
  1. Farms are subdivided for residential and commercial development
  2. Reluctance to plant new trees
  3. Greater demand for services (schools, health care..)
  4. Speculation (holding land in anticipation of future development may lead to high land prices)
  5. Lack of confidence in famring (not considered good long term investment)
99
Q

How many people live in most densly populated area in Canada?

A

8 million

100
Q

What is the main force driving Toronto’s population growth?

A

Immigration

101
Q

Toronto has become a hub for what industry?

A

Entertainment

102
Q

What percentage of Torontonians are visible minorities?

A

51%

103
Q

What is Hamilton known for?

A

steel production, health-care

104
Q

What is Kitchener-Waterloo known for?

A

tech and research

105
Q

What is London known for?

A

Insurance, education, regional service centre

106
Q

What is St.Catharine’s Niagara Falls known for?

A

tourism

107
Q

What is Windsor known for?

A

manufacturing

108
Q

What is Sudbury known for?

A

nickel and copper mining

109
Q

What is Thunder Bay known for?

A

trans-shipment point (transfer goods from rails to boats) on Great Lakes

110
Q

What is Sault Ste. Marie known for?

A

steel production

111
Q

What is North Bay known for?

A

regional service centre

112
Q

What is Timmins known for?

A

Gold mining

113
Q

What is the Greenbelt?

A

Green frontier around golden horseshoe by provincial government to prevent urban sprawl

Geography of Canada (12 decks)

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