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Geography of Canada > Lecture 10: Atlantic Canada > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Atlantic Canada Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the trend of population growth in Atlantic Canada

A

Very slow comapred to the rest of the country

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2
Q

What is a consequence of low population growth in Atlantic Canada?

A

Slow economic growth

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3
Q

Where do half of Atlantic canada’s population live? (6 cities)

A

Halifax, St. John’s, Saint John, Moncton, Fredericton, Charlottetown

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4
Q

When did the Atlantic Canada provinces join?

A

NS and NB entered during confederation, PEI in 1873, NL in 1949

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5
Q

How did Canada offset the challeneges of getting martime goods to Central Canada in the 1880s? What was it called, who paid?

A

Intercolonial Railway → freight rates were cheap and Ottawa soaked deficits

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6
Q

How did the CPR help the Atlantic Canadian economy?

A

Started producing a lot of steel

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7
Q

What happened in 1919 that damaged economic growth, population growth, and employment rates in Atlantic Canada?

A

Federal government subsidies for freight rates were eliminated → many migrated to New England and Central Canada

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8
Q

How is economy of Atlantic Canada doing today? (4 things happening)

A
  1. Projects are closing (potash in NB and mines in labrador
  2. Alberta oil sands commuters lost their jobs
  3. Tourism and shellfish exports benefitting from low Canadian dollar
  4. Federally funded shipbuilding is key pillar
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9
Q

What is beneath the seafloor of the Great Banks?

A

Large oil deposits 200km-300km east of Newfoundland

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10
Q

How did falling oil prices inpact oil drilling in Atlantic Canada

A

Royalties halfed to under a billion and Husky’s project is stuck half finished after NL rejected the offer to invest due to their financial situtation

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11
Q

What is hydrometallurgy and how is it helping the Atlantic Canadian economy?

A

Value-added component that turns nickel concentrate into nickel in Voisey’s Bay, NL → economic stimulant

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12
Q

Are NL a have or have not province?

A

They were have not for a long time until recently when oil was discovered, however low oil prices might bring that back down

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13
Q

Are Atlantic provinces going to become have provinces?

A

Very unlikely

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14
Q

Where does Atlantic Canada’s future lie?

A

tertiary sector, espeically high-technology industries (ex: Verafin, a anti-financial crime software)

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15
Q

Despite the 75% teritary sector emplotment, why is Atlantic Canadian economy growth stagnant? (2 reasons)

A
  1. High unemployment rate
  2. Low worker count growth rate
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16
Q

What is the main reason of the low growth rate in Atlantic Canada?

A

Inability to attract immigrants and relocation of its reisdents to economically better parts of Canada

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17
Q

How is urbanization in Atlantic Canada?

A

More and more people are people are moving to major cities at increasing rates → but they still remain the least urbanized region

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18
Q

Describe population growth in rural Atlantic Canada

A

Population growth is very low, decline is common

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19
Q

What is the Hibernia project?

A

Oil project 315km east of St. John’s, NL
Very sturdy oilplatform that can survive intense North Atlantic Ocean storms and icebergs
Has housing for workers

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20
Q

Describe the weather in St. John’s

A

Rainy, overcast, foggy (april - sept), mild temperatures, heavy snowfalls in winter, tropical storms

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21
Q

What is the Annapolis Valley?

A

Low lying area in Nova Scotia

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22
Q

How did the Annapolis Valley form?

A

Glacial retreat

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23
Q

Which Atlantic province is not a Maritime province?

A

NF

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24
Q

What are the 4 lowest populated provinces?

A

Atlantic provinces

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25
Q

What two phsyiographic regions are in Atlantic Canada?

A

Appalachain Uplands and Canadian Shield

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26
Q

How were fjords formed in Atlantic Canada?

A

Streams of meltwater from melting glaciers cut deeply into the land resulting in hilly terrain and rugged fjords along coastlines

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27
Q

What are the Tablelands in Western Newfoundland?

A

One of the places in the world where Earth’s mantle is exposed because two tectonic plates collided 350MYA and forced the mantle up and over the coast

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28
Q

Why is the landscape of the Tablelands desert-like despite large amount of precipitation?

A

The rock of the mantle is ultramafic and lacks the nutrients to support plant life

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29
Q

What are the Torngat Mountains?

A

Decently big mountains at the very northern tip of Labrador formed 750 Mya

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30
Q

Why is the climate of Atlantic Canada colder than BC?

A

The water comes from the Labrador current and is very cold whereas the Pineapple express is warm water

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31
Q

What are nor’easters?

A

Weather systems that move from west to east across NA that gain moisture from the Atlantic aand thus strenghten as they move over the region

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32
Q

What is there so much fog and cloud coverage in Atlantic Canada (Newfoundland especially)?

A

At any time of year, warm air masses from Gulf of Mexico can travel up the coast and colide with cold continental air masses

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33
Q

What ocean current frequents icebergs

A

Labrador current → titanic

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34
Q

Why is Newfoundland known for having the least desirable climate of any province?

A

Low total sunshine hours

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35
Q

Who came to Newfoundland in the year 1000? Where did they established a settlement?

A

Vikings from Norway, settlement at L’Anse aux Meadows

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36
Q

Who was John Cabot?

A

Italian explorer who reached Newfoundland in 1497 searching for Asia

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37
Q

Who lived in the Atlantic region in the early 1700s?

A

Mix of British, French (Acadiens), and Indigenous Peoples (Mi’kmaq)

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38
Q

What was the impact on Atlantic Canada following the Treaty of Utrecht?

A

The french surrendered Acadia to the British

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39
Q

Why did the Acadians get deported to Louisiana?

A

The Acadians refused to sign an oath of allegiance to Britain

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40
Q

What part of New France still belongs to France?

A

St. Pierre and Miquelon

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41
Q

How did the US War of Independance impact the settlement of the Atlantic region?

A

After the US one, 40,000 British Loyalists migrated to NS and NB

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42
Q

Where did the Scotish and Irish tend to settle?

A

Scottish in Cape Breton and Irish in NB

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43
Q

Where did Britain source much of its wood from and build ships in the early 1800s?

A

Atlantic Canada

44
Q

What two Atlantic provinces joined at time of confederation?

A

NS and NB

45
Q

When did PEI join Canada?

A

1873

46
Q

When did Newfoundland and Labrador join?

A

1949

47
Q

Why were Atlantic Canada provinces reluctant to join?

A

Due to distance from major cities

48
Q

What was a driving factor in luring maritime provinces into Canada?

A

Intercolonial Railway from MTL to Halifax

49
Q

What was the result of the National Policy?

A

Southern Ontario and Southern Quebec as a core and Atlantic remaining a periphery

50
Q

What are the two ways Newfoundland is linked to the rest of Canada?

A
  1. Trans-Canada Highway
  2. Ferry Service
51
Q

Why has Labrador been drawn into Quebec’s economic orbit?

A

Geography (Hydro electricity produced in Labrador goes through quebec, iron ore mined goes to quebec, Labrador is connected to the Quebec highway system)

52
Q

What are the 4 reasons for weak economy in Atlantic Canada?

A
  1. The division into 4 seperate provinces discourages an integrated economy
  2. Natural resources have been exhausted (coal and cod)
  3. Appalachia causes widespred small towns
  4. Disconnected from federal gov (geography and seats)
53
Q

What is the cycle of Atlantic Canadians working in Fort McMurray?

A

20 days work, 8 days home

54
Q

Where is unemployment especially high in Atlantic provinces?

A

Rural areas and costal villages (many are rooted in fishing industry that can no longer support them)

55
Q

What sparked the steel industry on Cape Breton Island?

A

Iron mining and demand for steel during railroad construction and WW2

56
Q

What caused toxic chemicals in Sydney to contaminate ground water and creeks?

A

The air was heavily polluted and tar ponds contained waste products from the steel mill

57
Q

How were the Sydney tar bonds fixed?

A

400m from federal and NS gov to solidify with cement like mixture and be burried in soil

58
Q

What are the largest banks on the Atlantic coast’s continental shelf?

A

Grand Bank and Georges Bank

59
Q

Deinition: Continental Shelf

A

The extended perimeter of a continent associated with a coastal plain

60
Q

Why do Banks support wildlife?

A

Water is shallower, and warmer due to sunlight

61
Q

Why was Georges Bank in dispute between Canada and USA? What was the decision?

A

Because it was within 200 nautical miles of both countries - 5/6 to USA, however rich scallops population really benefits NS economy

62
Q

What is the main difference in catch between Newfoundland and the Martime provinces’ catches?

A

NF - mostly cod in Grand Banks
Maritime - varity (lobster, scallops, shrimp, flounder, crabs)

63
Q

What are the drawbacks of more efficient fishing practice of using large nets?

A

Bad for biodiversity (destroy ecosystems) and contribute more to exploitation

64
Q

What were the 3 base factors of Cod Fishery mismanagement?

A
  1. Estimates of cod stocks by Departement of Fisheries and Oceans were overblown
  2. Strong pressure for high cod quotas from NL politicians to increase revenue
  3. Canada does not have control over the outer regions of the grand banks
65
Q

How have the cod stocks population changed since the cod fishing ban in 1992

A

Barely any progress and we do not know how long until recovery (cod do not reproduce until 7 years old)

66
Q

What are the majority of forests in Atlantic Canada?

A

Coniferous

67
Q

How many times have fast growing forests been logged in last 300 years?

A

3

68
Q

What is causing several pulp and paper mills to close in NB?

A

The decline of the forestry industry due to reduced demand for newsprint and paper

69
Q

Why is the nickel mine in Voisey’s Bay, Labrador lucrative?

A

The nickel is close to surface and mine is close to ocean coast for easy export

70
Q

What industry is the federal government trying to develop in Hali?

A

Shipbuilding - 21 Canadian navy ships will be built there

71
Q

What led to NL becoming a “have” province in 2009?

A

Petroleum deposits off the coast of St. John’s in wich the government owns 4.9%

72
Q

What is the Hibernia Oil Project?

A

Largest offshore drilling operation off the Canadian Atlantic coast

73
Q

How much of all Canadian oil production comes from Hibernia Project?

A

12%

74
Q

Why did contruction of Hibernia project require large initial investment?

A

To build a platform resistant to ice bergs and nor’easters

75
Q

How was Smallwood resevoir created?

A

Caused by the Churchill Falls dam

76
Q

What is the 2nd largest hydroelectric plant in NA?

A

Churchill Falls

77
Q

Why do many residents of NL feel animosity towards quebec?

A

Because of churchill falls power agreement

78
Q

What is the Churchill Falls Power Agreement?

A

Deal for Quebec to buy power from Churchill Falls at 1969 prices until 2041

79
Q

Why was the Churchill Falls Power Agreement in place?

A

Churchill Falls power needed to pass through Quebec to get to USA, Quebec refused, negotiated contract

80
Q

What percentage of land in martime provinces is suitable for agriculture? NL?

A

NL - 0.1%
Maritime - 5%

81
Q

What is the agriculture production of PEI?

A

Potatos

82
Q

What is the agriculture production of Saint John River Valley in New Brunswick?

A

Dairy

83
Q

What is the agriculture production of Annapolis Valley in NS?

A

Fruit Orchards

84
Q

What is the capital city of NL and NB?

A

St John’s - NL
NB - Fredericton

85
Q

What is The Annapolis Valley? How is it drained?

A

Low lying area with fertile, well-drained soil provided by glaciers - best agricultural land in Atlantic Provinces

86
Q

Where is The Annapolis Valley?

A

NS near Minas Basin and Bay of Funny

87
Q

How is the population growth of the Atlantic provinces compared to national average?

A

Well below national average

88
Q

How many workers worked in AB at the peak of the oil and construction boom in Fort McMurray?

A

10,000

89
Q

How did the workers travelling to AB help the NF economy?

A

They bringed home salaries up to $100,000

90
Q

What is the rural population of Atlantic provinces comapred to rest of Canada?

A

46% in Atlantic vs 20% in rest of Canada

91
Q

Why did many villages (many are declining today) develop around harbours?

A

When European settlers arrived, they searched for small sheltered harbours that would provide easy access to fishing

92
Q

Why does the government not like the rural populations of Atlantic Canada?

A

Expensive to deliver health care, education, and social services

93
Q

What is the Newfoundland Resettlement Program?

A

Joint venture between fed and NL gov
Residents of tiny villages encouraged to relocate to one of 77 specified “growth centres”

94
Q

What were the conditions of the Newfoundland Resettlement Program? How have they changed since?

A

if at least 75% of residents agreed, those residents received money for moving expenses, require 90% to agree

95
Q

How many villages were abandoned under the Newfoundland Resettlement Program?

A

Over 150 villages

96
Q

How long is Confederation Bridge? What does it connect? Over what body of water? When did it open?

A

13km, PEI to NB, Northumberland Straight, 1977

97
Q

How did the Confederation Bridge help PEI?

A

Boost in tourism and retail sectors

98
Q

How expensive is the Confederation Bridge?

A

$47 (one-way), and one of most expensive in the world

99
Q

What is the largest city in the Martimes?

A

Hali

100
Q

Why is Hali an ideal international port?

A

Its harbour is deep and ice free

101
Q

What is the Hali economy built on?

A

Provincial government services, naval base, shipbuilding, tourism

102
Q

Why does St. John’s have a distinctive style of architecture?

A

It was capital of the British colony of Newfoundland until 1949

103
Q

What is the St. John’s economy based on?

A

Provincial government services and tourism

104
Q

Where do 1/4 of PEI people live?

A

Charlottetown

105
Q

What city is known as the Cradle of Confederation?

A

Charlottetown - many meetings and negotiations which led to confederation were held there

Geography of Canada (12 decks)

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