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Geography of Canada > Lecture 11: Territorial North > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Territorial North Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do the majority of people in the Territorial North Live?

A

Yellowknife, Whitehorse, Iqaluit

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2
Q

What are the indigenous population percentages in Nunavut, NWT, and Yukon?

A

85%, 50%, 22.8%

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3
Q

What are reasons for the high indigenous populations in the Territorial north? (3 reasons)

A
  1. They tend not to leave
  2. High rates of natural increase
  3. Very few southern Canadians choose to go north
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4
Q

How is the population concentration in Territorial north?

A

Most live in the capitals (77% for Whitehorse)

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5
Q

What is population growth like in territorial north?

A

Very fast

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6
Q

How does in-migration impact TN population

A

Economic expansion creates jobs, and draws people in, however when the economy contracts, these same people leave

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7
Q

True or False: More and more indigenous people are leaving the north for jobs and education

A

True: but not increasing at a fast rate

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8
Q

How much attention did the government pay to the TN before WW2?

A

Not very much attention, a laissez fair approach

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9
Q

Why did the TN become a strategic region?

A

The Canadian government built military bases, highways landing fields, radar stations in WW2 → was also a buffer zone between USA and SU until 1991

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10
Q

What did PM John Diefenbaker’s “Northern Vision” in the late 50s Roads to Resources aim to do?

A

Build highways and encourage resource development in TN

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11
Q

What makes building highways in the TN so expenesive

A

Permafrost and distance between places

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12
Q

Which province is not connected to the national highway system?

A

Nunavut

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13
Q

What are winter roads?

A

Temporary ice roads over muskeg, lakes, and rivers

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14
Q

What are the best ways to ship low-grade ore?

A
  1. Ship 2. Railway
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15
Q

What was a major flaw in the Northern Vision?

A

Resource towns were non-sustainable as they had no economic prowess once the mines closed

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16
Q

How did companies avoid the problems associated with non-sustainable towns apart in the Northern Vision?

A

Air commuting (flying in workers for a period of time)

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17
Q

Why was air commuting bad for the territorial north?

A
  1. workers would earn money and spend it at home - stimulating the provincial economies and not territorial ones
  2. workers would pay personal income tax to the province and not the territory
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18
Q

Why was air commuting good for Indigenous peoples?

A

Provided access to work while allowing them to reside in their communities

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19
Q

How does arctic transportation take advantage of nature?

A

In late summer when ice melts along the western arctic, a narrow stretch of water opens between the shore and the polar pack ice allowing small ships to bring supplies along the coast of the Beaufort sea

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20
Q

How do ships get through the arctic pack (ice) in winter?

A

In the winter, ice ranging from 1m (one year) to 5m (older) requires ice breakersto allow voyages

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21
Q

Why were arctic cruise goers surprised?

A

Lack of ice

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22
Q

How do residents of small arctic communities benefit from the arctic cruise tourists?

A

The wealthy visitors

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23
Q

What was a major issue with whalers, fur traders, and missionaries coming to arctic?

A

They brought diseases that the Inuit had little immunity such as measles, small pox, and tuberculosis

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24
Q

What happened to the Saldermiut and Mackenzie Delta Inuit?

A

They were exposed to European diseases, the Saldermiut were completely wiped out and the Mackenzie Delat Inuit were down to 100

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25
Q

Who had the highest flu mortality rates in the world?

A

Inuit

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26
Q

Wha

A
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27
Q

What was the goal of Sir John Franklin’s british naval expedition?

A

To search for the elusive Northwest Passage, they never returned, igniting one of the world’s greatest rescue operations

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28
Q

What were the conclusions of the Sir John Franklin’s Naval Expedition’s rescue missions? (3 conclusions)

A
  1. Evidents of the loss of the ships, and the deaths of the crews
  2. One rescue ship (Robert McClure) almost completed it
  3. Missions resulted in greater knowledge and mapping of the numerous islands and various routes to the north and west of Baffin Island in the Arctic Ocean
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29
Q

What is a possible cause for the tragedy of Sir John Franklin’s expedition?

A

Led poisioning from the tin cans in the ships

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30
Q

What was the desperate decision that survivors of Franklin’s expedition made?

A

March south to the Back River and to follow it down to a Hudson’ Bay Company fur-trading outpost → nobody made it

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31
Q

What is the difference between a province and a territory?

A

Provinces have powers that cannot be interfered with by federal government
Territories have delagated powers but remain under supervision of federal government
Territories do not have control/ownership of their natural resources and heavily depend on federal government for trasnfer payments

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32
Q

What are the 4 physiographic regions extending over the territorial north?

A

Canadian Shield, Interior Plains, Cordillera, and Arctic Archipelago

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33
Q

Why in southern regions of TN can temperatures reach 20 degrees?

A

Far from ocean, and sun is out for longer

34
Q

Why is most of the Territorial North considered a desert?

A

Less than 250mm of precipitation annually

35
Q

What is the significance of the fact that most of the TN region is north of Arctic circle?

A

Any location will experience at least one day per year without sun and one day per year without night

36
Q

Explain the Sea Ice Albedo Feedback Cycle

A
  1. Ice Retreat (ice melts with warmer temperatures)
  2. Local Warming (expoded surface waters absorb more sunlight)
  3. Feedback (enhanced local warming causes further ice melt and retreat)
37
Q

What are the consequences of the Feedback Cycle? (2 consequences)

A
  1. Summers will be Ice Free in Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay by 2050
  2. Polar bear and caribou populations will be greatly reduced
38
Q

What was most of the area of the Territorial North formally called?

A

Rupert’s Land

39
Q

What did the TN serve as post WW2?

A

A buffer zone between Soviet and North America

40
Q

What was built in the 1950s in the TN?

A

RADAR stations along the 70degree line of latitude to detect soviet bombers

41
Q

Why is the TN prone to sharp fluctuations in price and demand?

A

Their economy is based on non-renewable resources

42
Q

What type of business cycles is the TN prone to?

A

Boom-bust

43
Q

Who was Frobisher’s bay named after?

A

Explorer (1576) Martin Frobisher who reached Baffin Island while searching for Asia

44
Q

What were explorers looking for after Frobisher’s expedition?

A

The Northwest Passage to go from the atlantic to asia

45
Q

What are three reasons for Canada to aquire territory in the Arctic?

A
  1. Pressure that Russia will stake claim
  2. Lots of oil
  3. Climate change may turn this into a commercial shipping route
46
Q

How much claim does each country bordering the Arctic Ocean get?

A

200 nautical miles (some overlaps still need to be resolved

47
Q

Who has ownership of the Arctic Archipelago islands under international community? Who believes its an international shipping route?

A

Canada - USA

48
Q

What is the Arcitc Cooperation Agreement?

A

The US must always notify Canada before sending ships through the northwest passage. Canada must always allow consent - (on exam)

49
Q

What is Canada’s concern with ships passing through the Northwest passage?

A

Oil spills

50
Q

What is the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act? When?

A

1985 - Gives Canada the right to control shipping within its 200 nautical mile economic control area

51
Q

What is the UN Convention of the Law of the Sea? When?

A

Coastal countries have the righ to control shipping within 12 nautical miiles 2003

52
Q

Who are the two historic Indigenous Peoples who have inhabited the TN?

A

Inuit and Dene

53
Q

Where are most Inuit settlements? What do they eat?

A

Nunavut - seals, walrus, warwhals, fish

54
Q

Where do Dene primarily live? What did they historically eat?

A

NWT - caribou

55
Q

Describe the relationship between the Inuit peoples and the early 1800s whalers?

A

Inuit would provide meat for the whalers in return for knives and rifles

56
Q

What impact did European demand for Arctic Fox pelt have on the TN?

A

Inuit were heavily involved in the fur trade and by the 50s it dominated their economy → however it also brought them many diseases

57
Q

Why did the federal government relocate many Inuit into small settlements and dramtically shift their semi-nomadic lifestyle?

A
  1. It was seen as necessary to prevent them from living off the hardships of the land
  2. Concentrating people in settlements allowed the federal government to provide them with services efficiently
58
Q

What were the positive and negative impacts of Inuit relocation? (3 each)

A

Positive:
- food security
- access to medical services
- education
Negative:
- cultural devaluation
- reduction of country food diet
- social issues related to poverty and unemployment

59
Q

What is the main source of income for Inuit settlements?

A

Government assistance

60
Q

Who has the highest suicide and alcoholism rates in Canada?

A

Inuit

61
Q

What is a large positive outcome of inuit settlement life?

A

The emergence of educated Indigenous leaders who help lead negotiations for land claim agreements across Canada

62
Q

When was Nunavut established?

A

1999

63
Q

What does Nunavut mean? What language?

A

Inuktitut - Our land

64
Q

What are the offical languages of Nunavut?

A

English, French, Inuktitiut

65
Q

What are the three biggest attatchements in Inuit culture?

A
  1. Land
  2. Country food
  3. ethic of sharing
66
Q

What is country food?

A

Food that is obtained directly from the land or water by means of hunting or fishing

67
Q

What EU import ban hurt the Inuit economy?

A

The ban of seal pelts (inhumane killing)

68
Q

What are the two major economic components of TN?

A
  1. Extraction of natural resources
  2. Transfer payments
69
Q

What is Teritorial Formula Financing?

A

Transfer payments from the federal government

70
Q

What are the two main natural resource elements of the economy in the TN?

A

Energy and mining (diamonds, zinc, copper, iron ore)

71
Q

What is a winter road?

A

Temporary transportation route on a frozen river or lake

72
Q

What is a big thing that mining companies lobby for in the TN?

A

Federal government to build roads to their sites

73
Q

What is a megaproject?

A

Resource development projects that are controlled by large, multinational corporations

74
Q

What is a problem associated with Megaprojects

A

They are super expensive and take years to build, but since they are for non renewable resources they have limited lifespans

75
Q

Why are megaprojects not necessarily benficial to TN? (4 reasons)

A
  • contruction equipment and supplies are manufactured outside the region
  • negative impact on landscape
  • many workers live in provinces and spend their wages there
  • workers pay income tax to their home province instead of territorial government
76
Q

Who opposes the potential 1220km Mackenzie Pipeline?

A

Indigenous Peoples in the area

77
Q

What is causing maintenance challenges for the Norman Wells Oil Field pipeline?

A

Permafrost melt causing ground subsidence (sinking of ground surface)

78
Q

What makes Canada the 3rd largest diamond producer in the world?

A

The 3 mines in NWT

79
Q

What is the work schedule for workers in the NWT diamond mines?

A

14 days on, 14 days off commuting by plane from Yellowknife

80
Q

Why is the backbone of the mining industry in TN not looking promising?

A

2 of the 3 diamond mines will be exhausted by 2030

81
Q

What line of latitude are are territories and provinces seperated by?

A

60th parallel

Geography of Canada (12 decks)

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