Lecture 4: History of Canada Flashcards
Where did the first settlers travel?
As the ice sheet retreated, descendants of the hunters travelled along the ice-free corridor that opened along the foothill of the Rocky Mountains
How many Indigenous people lived in Canada before first contact?
500,000
What did the Indigenous population decline to by 1871?
100,000
What were the two main reasons that the population of indigenous declined?
- Spread of new diseases
- Loss of hunting grounds
When did French explorers establish Quebec City, what was it called?
1608 - New France
What was the turning point of French to English in Canada?
The British Conquest in 1759
What was the first wave of British Immigration?
British Loyalists that supported Britain during the war of Independance - they went to NS and Ont.
When was the second wave of British Immigration? How many?
During the early to mid 1800s, nearly 1,000,000 people came from the British Isles
What was the cause of the second wave of British Immigration?
Deteriorating economy in Britain, and potato famine in Ireland
When did Canada become an independant country? What was signed?
1867 - British North America Act
What colonies united to form Canada?
Upper Canada (Ontario)
Lower Canada (Quebec)
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
When did NWT join Canada?
1870
What other land became part of Canada with NWT?
Rupert’s Land (Northern Ontario and Prairies) was bought from Hudson’s Bay Company
Why did Canada buy NWT and Rupert’s Land? (2 reasons)
- diminish threat of US annexation
- federal government wanted to build transcontinental railroad
What was Clifford Siftens role and task?
Minister of the Interior - tasked with settling the prairies
Where did the fed. gov. want immigrants from to settle the prairies? Why?
Scandinanvia, Russia, Ukraine because they have similar climates and landscapes
Who were the first people?
Indigenous people
Who were the second people
French and British
Who were the third people?
Scandinavians, Russians, and Ukrainians
What kind of homes did the majority of the third people live in?
Homesteads
When did Manitoba become a province?
1870
When did BC become a province?
1871
When did PEI become a province?
1873
When did Yukon become a province?
1898
When did Alberta and Saskatechewan become provinces?
1905
When did Newfoundland and Labrador become a province?
1949
When did Nunavut become a province?
1999
How was the land dispute between Quebec and Labrador get resolved?
All land that drained into Atlantic Ocean was awarded to Labrador
What are equalization payments?
Payments made to have not provinces
How many have not provinces are there and who are they?
Manitoba, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, PEI
Does the have and have nots thing apply to territories?
No
What are current government policies in place to rectifying Indigenous issues?
- resolving outstanding land claims
- recognizing Indigenous rights to self-government
- acknowledging that the concerns of each Indigenous group (Métis, Inuit, and First Nations) are different
Describe the Métis people
- People of mixed ancestery, either French-Indigenous or English-Indigenous
Describe the Inuit people
Descendants of the Thule people who live primarily in Arctic and Subarctic
Describe the First Nations peop;e
People who may be members of a band who have signed a treaty
They are entitled to certain rights from government
Who many reserves are in Canada, and what portion of Indigenous people live in them?
600 & 35%
What people was the CP railway through Cordillera mainly built by?
Chinese workers (15,000)
Why did the Red River Rebellion happen?
- federal governments the survey system to organize land in West ignored Metis land uses
- metis feared for their rights and place in the new society
What sparked the Red RIver Rebellion?
Louis Riel placed his foot on a land surveyor’s chain and told them to leave - the Metis then took control of the HBC headquarters - the Metis formed a provisional government to negotiate the terms to join Canada as a province
What happened as a result of the Red River Rebellion?
Manitoba became a small province
What were Manitoba’s demands from the federal government?
- billingual province
- dual system of Protestant and Catholic schools
What was the Northwest Rebellion
- clash between what is now Saskatchewan between federal government and Metis+First Nations
Why did the Northwest Rebellion happen?
Indigenous peoplefelt threatened by an advancing wave of settlers
When did the Northwest rebellion happen?
1885
Who did the Northwest enlist to solve the problem (rebellion)? What did he do?
Louis Riel - his petition was rejected
What happened in the Northwest rebellion? (3 steps)
An uprising began when an Indigenous group amnushed mounted police, killing 12 of them - Canadian army pulled up and pushed back the Indigenous people - Riel and 8 Indigenous leaders were hung
What happened in Manitoba between 1870 and 1880
Metis lost their majority bc of immigrants from Ontario
Why did Ontarians settle go to Manitoba? (2 reasons)
- Ontario no longer had a surplus of agricultural land
- Wheat farming in MB became profitable bc of new tech
What are Doukhobors?
Originally Russian communalists who did not believe in individual ownership of land or gov regulation, most came bc they refused to serve in Russian army
What is a communalist?
An advocate of communal living (sharing amongst the community)
What happened to the Doukhobors?
- granted land in the prairies and freedom from military service
- they refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the King of Britain
- they refused to participate in census
- In 1905 they got deported
What seperates Quebec and Ontario?
Ottawa River
What happened to French schools in Manitoba? How did Quebec feel?
- lost funding in 1890
- Quebec was mad
What was the quiet revolution?
-1960 rebirth of pride and confidence of French ppl outside of QC
- Quebec’s economy was booming and ideas of seperation from Canada became prominent
What is a Nation?
Distinct cultural group
