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Geography of Canada > Lecture 4: History of Canada > Flashcards

Lecture 4: History of Canada Flashcards

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1
Q

Where did the first settlers travel?

A

As the ice sheet retreated, descendants of the hunters travelled along the ice-free corridor that opened along the foothill of the Rocky Mountains

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2
Q

How many Indigenous people lived in Canada before first contact?

A

500,000

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3
Q

What did the Indigenous population decline to by 1871?

A

100,000

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4
Q

What were the two main reasons that the population of indigenous declined?

A
  1. Spread of new diseases
  2. Loss of hunting grounds
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5
Q

When did French explorers establish Quebec City, what was it called?

A

1608 - New France

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6
Q

What was the turning point of French to English in Canada?

A

The British Conquest in 1759

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7
Q

What was the first wave of British Immigration?

A

British Loyalists that supported Britain during the war of Independance - they went to NS and Ont.

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8
Q

When was the second wave of British Immigration? How many?

A

During the early to mid 1800s, nearly 1,000,000 people came from the British Isles

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9
Q

What was the cause of the second wave of British Immigration?

A

Deteriorating economy in Britain, and potato famine in Ireland

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10
Q

When did Canada become an independant country? What was signed?

A

1867 - British North America Act

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11
Q

What colonies united to form Canada?

A

Upper Canada (Ontario)
Lower Canada (Quebec)
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia

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12
Q

When did NWT join Canada?

A

1870

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13
Q

What other land became part of Canada with NWT?

A

Rupert’s Land (Northern Ontario and Prairies) was bought from Hudson’s Bay Company

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14
Q

Why did Canada buy NWT and Rupert’s Land? (2 reasons)

A
  1. diminish threat of US annexation
  2. federal government wanted to build transcontinental railroad
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15
Q

What was Clifford Siftens role and task?

A

Minister of the Interior - tasked with settling the prairies

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16
Q

Where did the fed. gov. want immigrants from to settle the prairies? Why?

A

Scandinanvia, Russia, Ukraine because they have similar climates and landscapes

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17
Q

Who were the first people?

A

Indigenous people

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18
Q

Who were the second people

A

French and British

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19
Q

Who were the third people?

A

Scandinavians, Russians, and Ukrainians

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20
Q

What kind of homes did the majority of the third people live in?

A

Homesteads

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21
Q

When did Manitoba become a province?

A

1870

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22
Q

When did BC become a province?

A

1871

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23
Q

When did PEI become a province?

A

1873

24
Q

When did Yukon become a province?

A

1898

25
Q

When did Alberta and Saskatechewan become provinces?

A

1905

26
Q

When did Newfoundland and Labrador become a province?

A

1949

27
Q

When did Nunavut become a province?

A

1999

28
Q

How was the land dispute between Quebec and Labrador get resolved?

A

All land that drained into Atlantic Ocean was awarded to Labrador

29
Q

What are equalization payments?

A

Payments made to have not provinces

30
Q

How many have not provinces are there and who are they?

A

Manitoba, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, PEI

31
Q

Does the have and have nots thing apply to territories?

A

No

32
Q

What are current government policies in place to rectifying Indigenous issues?

A
  1. resolving outstanding land claims
  2. recognizing Indigenous rights to self-government
  3. acknowledging that the concerns of each Indigenous group (Métis, Inuit, and First Nations) are different
33
Q

Describe the Métis people

A
  • People of mixed ancestery, either French-Indigenous or English-Indigenous
34
Q

Describe the Inuit people

A

Descendants of the Thule people who live primarily in Arctic and Subarctic

35
Q

Describe the First Nations peop;e

A

People who may be members of a band who have signed a treaty
They are entitled to certain rights from government

36
Q

Who many reserves are in Canada, and what portion of Indigenous people live in them?

A

600 & 35%

37
Q

What people was the CP railway through Cordillera mainly built by?

A

Chinese workers (15,000)

38
Q

Why did the Red River Rebellion happen?

A
  • federal governments the survey system to organize land in West ignored Metis land uses
  • metis feared for their rights and place in the new society
39
Q

What sparked the Red RIver Rebellion?

A

Louis Riel placed his foot on a land surveyor’s chain and told them to leave - the Metis then took control of the HBC headquarters - the Metis formed a provisional government to negotiate the terms to join Canada as a province

40
Q

What happened as a result of the Red River Rebellion?

A

Manitoba became a small province

41
Q

What were Manitoba’s demands from the federal government?

A
  1. billingual province
  2. dual system of Protestant and Catholic schools
42
Q

What was the Northwest Rebellion

A
  • clash between what is now Saskatchewan between federal government and Metis+First Nations
43
Q

Why did the Northwest Rebellion happen?

A

Indigenous peoplefelt threatened by an advancing wave of settlers

44
Q

When did the Northwest rebellion happen?

A

1885

45
Q

Who did the Northwest enlist to solve the problem (rebellion)? What did he do?

A

Louis Riel - his petition was rejected

46
Q

What happened in the Northwest rebellion? (3 steps)

A

An uprising began when an Indigenous group amnushed mounted police, killing 12 of them - Canadian army pulled up and pushed back the Indigenous people - Riel and 8 Indigenous leaders were hung

47
Q

What happened in Manitoba between 1870 and 1880

A

Metis lost their majority bc of immigrants from Ontario

48
Q

Why did Ontarians settle go to Manitoba? (2 reasons)

A
  1. Ontario no longer had a surplus of agricultural land
  2. Wheat farming in MB became profitable bc of new tech
49
Q

What are Doukhobors?

A

Originally Russian communalists who did not believe in individual ownership of land or gov regulation, most came bc they refused to serve in Russian army

50
Q

What is a communalist?

A

An advocate of communal living (sharing amongst the community)

51
Q

What happened to the Doukhobors?

A
  • granted land in the prairies and freedom from military service
  • they refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the King of Britain
  • they refused to participate in census
  • In 1905 they got deported
52
Q

What seperates Quebec and Ontario?

A

Ottawa River

53
Q

What happened to French schools in Manitoba? How did Quebec feel?

A
  • lost funding in 1890
  • Quebec was mad
54
Q

What was the quiet revolution?

A

-1960 rebirth of pride and confidence of French ppl outside of QC
- Quebec’s economy was booming and ideas of seperation from Canada became prominent

55
Q

What is a Nation?

A

Distinct cultural group

Geography of Canada (12 decks)

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