Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MSK Exam I > Lecture 6: Histology of Bone > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Histology of Bone Flashcards

1
Q

The ECM of bone is made up of what 2 major components?

What is the major function of each of these components?

A

Collagen - micro-flexibility

Bone salts (Ca2+) - extreme strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 5 possible classifications of bones

A 
Flat bones
Long bones
Short bones
Sesamoid bones
Irregular bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of bone contains more spongy bone than the others?

A. Flat bones
B. Long bones
C. Short bones
D. Sesamoid bones
E. Irregular bones
A

A. Flat bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which of the following is classified based on its location within a tendon?

A. Flat bones
B. Long bones
C. Short bones
D. Sesamoid bones
E. Irregular bones
A

D. Sesamoid bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 major types of bone?

A

Compact

Spongy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are other names for spongy bone?

A

Cancellous or trabecular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Compact bone is _______, meaning mature bone

A

Lamellar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T/F: compact bone is solid and relatively dense, found on external suraces of long and flat bones. It encloses spongy bone

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone contains ________, which are open lattice networks of narrow plates

A

Trabeculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone is porous to house what substance?

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F: spongy bone is woven bone (nonlamellar)

A

False, it can be either lamellar or woven

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What classification of bone refers to mature or secondary bone and has regular, parallel arrangement of collagen fibers?

A

Lamellar bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F: most adult bone is lamellar

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What classification of bone refers to immature or primary bone that is characterized by a loose arrangement of collagen fibers?

A

Woven bone (nonlamellar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Woven bone has lower mineral content with more cells, and is usually replaced by what?

A

Lamellar bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Under what conditions does woven bone form?

A

During fracture repair and remodeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The _______ refers to the knobby regions at the ends of bone that have superficial compact bone with spongy bone deep to the surface

A

Epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The _________ region of bone is located between the diaphysis and epiphysis

A

Metaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of bone is found in the metaphysis region?

A

Spongy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The elongated shaft of a bone is referred to a the ______

A

Diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What landmark of bone forms within the metaphysis after fusion of the epiphyseal plate?

A

Epiphyseal line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The _______ _______ is the cylindrical space in the diaphysis containing bone marrow

A

Medullary cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The ____________ is a bone covering made up of dense irregular CT covering the external surface

A

Periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The periosteum does not cover _________ cartilages and is neurovascular.

It is anchored by __________ fibers embedded in the bone matrix.

It contains __________

A

Articular

Perforating

Osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The ___________ is the CT lining of the medullary cavity of bone

A

Endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What cell types are found in the endosteum?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

Reticular cells of bone marrow

CT fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What type of bone growth is associated with the periosteum?

A

Appositional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which layer of periosteum contains osteoprogenitor cells located next to mature bone that retain potential for bone injury and repair?

A

Inner layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which layer of periosteum is rich in vasculature, fibroblasts and collagen fibers?

A

Outer layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What type of fibers are found in the outer layer of periosteum and anchor to outer circumferential lamellae?

A

Sharpey’s fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Bone is 90% ECM and 10% H2O and is made up of organic and inorganic components.

What are some of the organic components?

A

Type I collagen fibers

Proteoglycans

Other proteins: osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Bone is 90% ECM and 10% H2O and is made up of organic and inorganic components.

What are some inorganic components?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite

Mg, K, Na, F

33
Q

Compact bone histology:

An _______ is a cylindrical structure in mature compact bone that runs parallel to the shaft of the bone

A

Osteon

34
Q

What are the 3 types of canals associated with compact bone histology?

A

Central canal (haversian) - carries blood vessles and nerves

Perforating canals - perpendicular connections to central canal

Canaliculi - tiny channels between lacunae that allow interactions between osteocytes

35
Q

What are the 4 types of lamellae associated with histological compact bone?

A

Concentric lamellae

Outer circumferential lamellae

Inner circumferential lamellae

Interstitial lamellae

36
Q

Which of the following refers to rings of bone along the endosteum?

A. Concentric lamellae
B. Outer circumferential lamellae
C. Inner circumferential lamellae
D. Interstitial lamellae

A

C. Inner circumferential lamellae

37
Q

Which of the following refers to rings of bone around the central canal?

A. Concentric lamellae
B. Outer circumferential lamellae
C. Inner circumferential lamellae
D. Interstitial lamellae

A

A. Concentric lamellae

38
Q

Which of the following refers to rings of bone along the periosteum?

A. Concentric lamellae
B. Outer circumferential lamellae
C. Inner circumferential lamellae
D. Interstitial lamellae

A

B. Outer circumferential lamellae

39
Q

Which of the following refers to pieces of old osteon that result from remodeling?

A. Concentric lamellae
B. Outer circumferential lamellae
C. Inner circumferential lamellae
D. Interstitial lamellae

A

D. Interstitial lamellae

40
Q

Histology of spongy bone is most easily seen in bones of the _______

A

Skull

41
Q

The calvaria and majority of the facial skeleton forms via ___________ ossification

A

Intramembranous

42
Q

_______________ are stem cells that produce osteoblasts in the endosteum and periosteum

A

Osteoprogenitors

43
Q

_____________ are mesenchymal cells that produce osteoid (nonmineralized organic matrix)

A

Osteoblasts

44
Q

__________ are mature bone cells embedded in the bone matrix

A

Osteocytes

45
Q

What is the role of osteocytes?

A

Maintain matrix, communicate with osteoblasts to increase deposition of bone matrix

46
Q

___________ are large, multinucleated cells with ruffled borders that are produced by the fusion of monocytes

A

Osteoclasts

47
Q

What is the role of osteoclasts?

A

Remodel and resorb bone through H+ and lysosomal proteins

48
Q

What are the 2 types of osteogenesis?

A

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

49
Q

In what type of osteogenesis do bones develop from mesenchyme precursors?

A

Intramembranous ossification

50
Q

Endochondral ossification begins with what type of model?

A

Hyaline cartilage

51
Q

Which type of osteogenesis produces most bones of the skeleton?

A

Endochondral ossification

[bones of extremities, pectoral and pelvic girdles, vertebrae]

52
Q

Describe osteogenesis of the clavicle

A

Central part of clavicle = intramembranous ossification

Ends of clavicle = endochondral ossification

53
Q

Only select bones form via intramembranous ossification, what are some examples?

A

Flat bones of the skull

Some facial bones

Mandible

Ends of clavicle

54
Q

Describe steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme
  2. Osteoid undergoes calcification
  3. Woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
  4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone as compact and spongy bone form
55
Q

Endochondral ossification involves what type of growth?

A

Appositional

56
Q

During endochondral ossification, degeneration of the underlying cartilage leaves trabeculae of matrix. A ______ ______ develops from the perichondrium which has osteogenic potential

A

Bone collar

57
Q

After formation of the bone collar during endochondral ossification, there is vascular and mesenchymal invasion into trabecular spaces. What does this produce?

A

Primary ossification center in the diaphysis

[contains osteoblasts and blood forming cells of bone marrow; osteoid is deposited and calcifies into woven bone]

58
Q

During endochondral bone growth, where do secondary ossification centers develop?

A

In the epiphysis

59
Q

During endochondral bone growth, in what location of the bone is bone replacing cartilage?

A

Diaphysis

60
Q

During endochondral ossification, the ossification centers gradually become separated by the _______ _____, which provides for continued bone elongation

A

Epiphyseal plate

61
Q

What are the histological zones of endochondral ossification from the end of the bone toward the middle?

A

Reserve zone
Proliferative zone
Hypertrophic zone
Vascular invasion zone

62
Q

In which histological zone of endochondral ossification is the primitive hyaline cartilage responsible for the growth in length of the bone as erosion and bone deposition advance?

A. Reserve zone
B. Proliferative zone
C. Hypertrophic zone
D. Vascular invasion zone

A

A. Reserve zone

63
Q

In which histological zone of endochondral ossification do the proliferating chondrocytes align as vertical and parallel columns?

A. Reserve zone
B. Proliferative zone
C. Hypertrophic zone
D. Vascular invasion zone

A

B. Proliferative zone

64
Q

In which histological zone of endochondral ossification do blood vessels penetrate the transverse calcified septa and carry osteoprogenitor cells with them?

A. Reserve zone
B. Proliferative zone
C. Hypertrophic zone
D. Vascular invasion zone

A

D. Vascular invasion zone

65
Q

In which histological zone of endochondral ossification is there apoptosis of chondrocytes and calcification of the territorial matrix?

A. Reserve zone
B. Proliferative zone
C. Hypertrophic zone
D. Vascular invasion zone

A

C. Hypertrophic zone

66
Q

What type of bone growth begins when an osteon forms from a bone trabeculae, blood vessels invade, additional bone lamellae are deposited, more osteons surround canal, and so-on?

A

Periosteal bone growth

67
Q

The balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity is responsible for the bone remodeling process. What is the difference between trabecular bone remodeling and cortical bone remodeling?

A

Trabecular bone remodeling occurs on the bone surface

Cortical bone remodeling occurs within an osteon

68
Q

Bone fractures are repaired by involving ______ formation and osteogenic activity.

Clotted blood (hematoma) is removed by macrophages and _______ resorb damaged matrix.

Periosteum and endosteum produce a soft ____ surrounding the fracture, which is gradually replaced by a hard callus (combo of endochondral and intramembranous activity)

Immature woven bone is ultimately replaced by ______ bone

A

Fibrocartilage

Osteoclasts

Callus

Lamellar

69
Q

___________ is an autosomal dominant syndrome due to a mutation in FGFR3

It is the most common form of dwarfism characterized by the shortening of long bones, small midface (defects in cranial base), and altered spinal curvature

A

Achondrophlasia

[FGFR3 = fibroblast growth factor receptor 3]

70
Q

__________ results from decreased mineralization of osteoid leading to progressive softening and bending of bone

A

Osteomalacia

71
Q

What are some of the causes of osteomalacia?

A

Dietary vitamin D deficiency
Lack of sun exposure
GI disease

72
Q

What are some of the signs and symptoms of osteomalacia?

A 
Bone and joint pain
Muscle weakness, spasms, cramps
Fracture
Difficulty walking
Waddling gait
73
Q

_________ results from a defect in mineralization of cartilage in the growth plates

A

Rickets (juvenile osteomalacia)

74
Q

____________ rickets is caused by a calcium deficiency in the setting of normal vitamin D levels

A

Calcipenic

75
Q

Typically rickets is caused by a vitamin D deficiency, or decreased absorption of _____ and ______ from bowels

A

Calcium; phosphorus

76
Q

Signs of rickets include:

delayed closure of ________

Parietal and frontal ______

________ (soft skull bones)

Widening of wrist and bowing of distal radius and ulna; progressive lateral bowing of femur and tibia

A

Fontanelles

Bossing

Craniotabes

77
Q

__________ is a pathological condition characterized by a decrease in bone mass and increased fragility in which bone loses the ability to produce organic matrix (mainly _______), as well as loses calcium and other bone salts

A

Osteoporosis; collagen

78
Q

What is typically the FIRST clinical manifestation of osteoporosis?

A

Fracture

MSK Exam I (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions