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MSK Exam I > Lecture 1: Overview Of Extremities > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Overview Of Extremities Flashcards

1
Q

What is the significance of limb rotation during embryonic development?

A

Our elbows flex in front of us while our knees flex behind us

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2
Q

What type of movement typically refers to decreasing the angle of a joint?

A

Flexion

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3
Q

What are the 5 classifications of bone?

A 
Sutural
Irregular
Short
Long
Flat
Sesamoid
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4
Q

What bone classification would you give a vertebra?

A

Irregular

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5
Q

What bone classification would you give the carpal bones?

A

Short bones

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6
Q

What bone classification would you give the parietal bone?

A

Flat bone

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7
Q

What bone classification would you give the humerus?

A

Long bone

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8
Q

What bone classification would you give the patella?

A

Sesamoid bone

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9
Q

Other than the patella, where else might you find a sesamoid bone?

A

Patella is the largest; would also find at the base of the thumb and the base of the toe

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10
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a rounded process that articulates with another bone

A

Condyle

Example: occipital condyle

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11
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a narrow, ridge-like projection

A

Crest

Example: iliac crest

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12
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a projection situated above a condyle

A

Epicondyle

Ex: medial epicondyle of humerus

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13
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a small, smooth surface

A

Facet

Ex: rib facet of a thoracic vertebra

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14
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to an opening for the passage of blood vessel and/or nerves

A

Foramen

Ex: foramen magnum

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15
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a relatively deep pit or depression

A

Fossa

Ex: olecranon fossa

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16
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a tiny pit or depression

A

Fovea

Ex: fovea capitis

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17
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to an enlargement at the end of a bone

A

Head

Ex: femoral head

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18
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a narrow line-like ridge

A

Linea

Ex: linea aspera of femur

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19
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a tube-like passageway within a bone

A

Meatus

Ex: external auditory meatus

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20
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a prominent projection of a bone

A

Process

Ex: mastoid process of temporal bone

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21
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a branch-like process

A

Ramus

Ex: ramus of mandible

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22
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a cavity within a bone

A

Sinus

Ex: frontal sinus

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23
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a sharp projection

A

Spine

Ex: spine of scapula

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24
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a pen-like projection

A

Styloid

Ex: styloid process of ulna

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25
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to an interlocking junction between cranial bones

A

Suture

Ex: coronal suture

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26
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a relatively large process

A

Trochanter

Ex: greater trochanter of femur

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27
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a small knob-like process

A

Tubercle

Ex: tubercle of rib

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28
Q

_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a knob-like process larger than a tubercle

A

Tuberosity

Ex: tibial tuberosity

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29
Q

A joint, or _________ is the place of contact betwen bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bones and teeth

A

Articulation

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30
Q

What are the functional classifications of joints?

A

Synarthrosis (immovable)
Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
Diarthrosis (freely moveable)

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31
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?

A

Fibrous joints - very stable

Cartilaginous joints - involving cartilage

Synovial joints - movable joints within cavity

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32
Q

What joint classification involves adjoining bones united by collagenic fibers?

A

Fibrous

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33
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A

Suture (short fibers)

Syndesmosis (longer fibers)

Gomphosis (periodontal ligament)

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34
Q

What is the mobility level of fibrous suture joints?

A

Synarthrosis (immobile)

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35
Q

What is the mobility of a fibrous syndesmosis joint?

A

Slightly mobile (amphiarthrosis) and some are immobile

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36
Q

What is the mobility of fibrous gomphosis joints?

A

Immobile

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37
Q

What class of joint is characterized by adjoining bones by cartilage?

A

Cartilaginous

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38
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)

Symphysis (fibrocartilage)

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39
Q

What is the mobility of a cartilaginous synchondrosis joint?

A

Immobile

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40
Q

What is the mobility of a cartilaginous symphysis joint?

A

Slightly movable

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41
Q

What class of joint is characterized by adjoining bones separated by a joint cavity, covered with articular cartilage, and enclosed within an articular capsule lined with a specialized membrane?

A

Synovial joints

42
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A 
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condylar
Saddle
Ball-and-socket
43
Q

What is the mobility of all types of synovial joints?

A

Freely movable (diarthrosis), but the degree depends on design of joint itself

44
Q

________ joints have no joint cavity, are very stable, and have little to no movement

A

Fibrous

45
Q

__________ are seams where bones are interconnected and tightly bound to one another by fibrous tissue

A

Sutures

Fibrous

46
Q

____________ occurs where bones are exclusively connected by ligaments

A

Syndesmosis

Fibrous

47
Q

__________ are peg-in-socket joints between teeth and bone

A

Gomphosis

Fibrous

48
Q

Epiphyseal plates and joints between bony rib and costal cartilage are examples what what type of joint?

A

Cartilaginous (synchondrosis)

Stable (synarthrosis)

49
Q

What is the major difference between cartilaginous symphyses joints and cartilaginous synchondrosis joints?

A

Synchondrosis are stable (synarthosis)

Symphysis are slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)

Also in the type of cartilage (fibrous vs. hyaline)

50
Q

The intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis are examples of what type of joint?

A

Cartilaginous (symphyses)

51
Q

What is the most movable type of joint?

A

Synovial

52
Q

What type of cartilage covers the ends of the articulating bones in synovial joints?

A

Hyaline

53
Q

What are the 3 major functions of the hyaline cartilage lining the synovial joints?

A

Gliding surface

Absorption of compression

Protection of bone

54
Q

What are 5 major synovial joint structural components?

A

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Synovial cavity

Articular (fibrous) capsule

Synovial membrane

Synovial fluid

55
Q

What type of movement exhibited by synovial joints is characterized by gliding (e.g., carpal bones, acromioclavicular joints)

A

Plane movement

56
Q

What type of movement exhibited by synovial joints is characterized by flexion and extension (e.g., elbow, knee, and ankle)

A

Hinge movement

57
Q

What type of movement exhibited by synovial joints is characterized by rotation (e.g. Radius/ulnar joint)

A

Pivot movement

58
Q

What type of movement exhibited by synovial joints is characterized by oval articular surcfaces permiting both flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and rotation?

A

Condyloid movement

Ex: between phalanges and metacarpals

59
Q

What type of movement exhibited by synovial joints is characterized by both surfaces concaved and convexed, allowing flexion/extension and abduction/adduction?

A

Saddle movement

60
Q

What type of movement exhibited by synovial joints is characterized by multiaxial movement?

A

Ball-and-socket movement

61
Q

What are some examples of synovial joints that exhibit plane movement?

A

Intercarpals
Intertarsals
Joints between vertebral articular surfaces

62
Q

What are some examples of synovial joints that exhibit hinge movement?

A

Elbows

Interphalangeal joints

63
Q

What are some examples of synovial joints that exhibit pivot movements?

A

Proximal radioulnar joints

Atlantoaxial joints

64
Q

What are some examples of synovial joints that exhibit condylar movement?

A

Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints

65
Q

What are some examples of synovial joints that exhibit saddle movement?

A

Carpometacarpal joints of thumbs

66
Q

What are some examples of synovial joints that exhibit ball-and-socket movement?

A

Shoulders

Hips

67
Q

________ is a flattened fibrous sac lined by synovial membrane that serves to protect tendons, ligaments, and muscles as well as reduce friction between body elements

A

Bursa

68
Q

_________ ________ is an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

A

Tendon sheath

69
Q

________ is an inflammation of a bursa due to injury or friction

A

Bursitis

70
Q

______ ______ is an expansive sheet of dense, irregular connective tissue that separates individual muscles, binds together muscles with similar functions, forms sheaths to help distribute nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, and fills spaces between muscles

A

Deep fascia

71
Q

_________ attach muscle to bone, muscle to skin, or muscle to muscle

A

Tendons

72
Q

Describe the general structure of a tendon

A

Thick and cordlike

73
Q

Tendons sometimes form a thin, flattened sheet, termed an ________

A

Aponeurosis

74
Q

Most skeletal muscle extend between bones and cross at least one moveable joint. Upon contraction, one of the bones moves while the other remains fixed.

The less moveable attachment of a muscle is called its ______

A

Origin

75
Q

Most skeletal muscle extend between bones and cross at least one moveable joint. Upon contraction, one of the bones moves while the other remains fixed.

The more moveable attachment of a muscle is its ______

A

Insertion

76
Q

The origin of a skeletal muscle typically lies _______ to the insertion

A

Proximal

77
Q

The insertion point of a skeletal muscle is pulled ________ the origin

A

Toward

78
Q

What type of fascicle arrangement surrounds external openings and are arranged in concentric rings?

A

Circular (sphincter)

79
Q

What type of fascicle arrangement has broad origin while insertion comes together at a tendon?

A

Convergent

80
Q

What type of fascicle arrangement has an expanded central belly

A

Fusiform

81
Q

What type of fascicle arrangement has fascicles parallel to the long axis of the muscle and are strap like?

A

Parallel

82
Q

What type of pennate fascicle arrangement has fascicles inserting into one side of the tendon?

A

Unipennate

83
Q

What type of pennate fascicle arrangement has fascicles inserting into the tendon from both sides?

A

Bipennate

84
Q

What type of pennate fascicle arrangement has fascicles inserting into one large tendon from all sides ?

A

Multipennate?

85
Q

What type of pennate fascicle arrangement is most powerful?

A

Multipennate

86
Q

What type of lever system has the fulcrum in the middle, between the force and resistance?

A

First class

87
Q

What type of lever system has resistance between the fulcrum and the applied force?

A

Second class

88
Q

What type of lever system has force applied between the resistance and the fulcrum?

A

Third class

89
Q

What is the most common type of lever system in the human body?

A

Third class

90
Q

Describe first-class lever systems in terms of force arrangements

A

Load - Fulcrum - Effort

91
Q

Describe second-class lever systems in terms of force arrangements

A

Fulcrum - Load - Effort

92
Q

Describe third-class lever systems in terms of force arrangements

A

Load - Effort - Fulcrum

93
Q

What are some examples of muscles named for their location?

A

Pectoralis m.

Intercostal m.

94
Q

What are some examples of muscles named for their shape?

A

Deltoid (triangle)

95
Q

What are some examples of muscles named for their relative size?

A

Gluteus maximus/medius/minimus

Adductor longus

96
Q

What are some examples of muscles named for their direction of fibers?

A

Rectus (straight)

Transversus and oblique (fibers run at angles to imaginary axis)

97
Q

What are some examples of muscles named for their number of origins?

A

Biceps

Triceps

98
Q

What are some examples of muscles named for location of their attachments?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

[note that these are named according to their point of insertion]

99
Q

What are some examples of muscles named for their action?

A

Flexor

Extensor

100
Q

What are some examples of muscles named for their body position?

A

Levator labii superioris m.

MSK Exam I (18 decks)

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