Lecture 1: Overview Of Extremities Flashcards
What is the significance of limb rotation during embryonic development?
Our elbows flex in front of us while our knees flex behind us
What type of movement typically refers to decreasing the angle of a joint?
Flexion
What are the 5 classifications of bone?
Sutural Irregular Short Long Flat Sesamoid
What bone classification would you give a vertebra?
Irregular
What bone classification would you give the carpal bones?
Short bones
What bone classification would you give the parietal bone?
Flat bone
What bone classification would you give the humerus?
Long bone
What bone classification would you give the patella?
Sesamoid bone
Other than the patella, where else might you find a sesamoid bone?
Patella is the largest; would also find at the base of the thumb and the base of the toe
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a rounded process that articulates with another bone
Condyle
Example: occipital condyle
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a narrow, ridge-like projection
Crest
Example: iliac crest
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a projection situated above a condyle
Epicondyle
Ex: medial epicondyle of humerus
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a small, smooth surface
Facet
Ex: rib facet of a thoracic vertebra
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to an opening for the passage of blood vessel and/or nerves
Foramen
Ex: foramen magnum
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a relatively deep pit or depression
Fossa
Ex: olecranon fossa
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a tiny pit or depression
Fovea
Ex: fovea capitis
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to an enlargement at the end of a bone
Head
Ex: femoral head
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a narrow line-like ridge
Linea
Ex: linea aspera of femur
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a tube-like passageway within a bone
Meatus
Ex: external auditory meatus
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a prominent projection of a bone
Process
Ex: mastoid process of temporal bone
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a branch-like process
Ramus
Ex: ramus of mandible
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a cavity within a bone
Sinus
Ex: frontal sinus
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a sharp projection
Spine
Ex: spine of scapula
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a pen-like projection
Styloid
Ex: styloid process of ulna
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to an interlocking junction between cranial bones
Suture
Ex: coronal suture
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a relatively large process
Trochanter
Ex: greater trochanter of femur
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a small knob-like process
Tubercle
Ex: tubercle of rib
_____________ is the osteological feature referring to a knob-like process larger than a tubercle
Tuberosity
Ex: tibial tuberosity
A joint, or _________ is the place of contact betwen bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bones and teeth
Articulation
What are the functional classifications of joints?
Synarthrosis (immovable)
Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
Diarthrosis (freely moveable)
What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous joints - very stable
Cartilaginous joints - involving cartilage
Synovial joints - movable joints within cavity
What joint classification involves adjoining bones united by collagenic fibers?
Fibrous
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
Suture (short fibers)
Syndesmosis (longer fibers)
Gomphosis (periodontal ligament)
What is the mobility level of fibrous suture joints?
Synarthrosis (immobile)
What is the mobility of a fibrous syndesmosis joint?
Slightly mobile (amphiarthrosis) and some are immobile
What is the mobility of fibrous gomphosis joints?
Immobile
What class of joint is characterized by adjoining bones by cartilage?
Cartilaginous
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)
Symphysis (fibrocartilage)
What is the mobility of a cartilaginous synchondrosis joint?
Immobile
What is the mobility of a cartilaginous symphysis joint?
Slightly movable
What class of joint is characterized by adjoining bones separated by a joint cavity, covered with articular cartilage, and enclosed within an articular capsule lined with a specialized membrane?
Synovial joints
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
Plane Hinge Pivot Condylar Saddle Ball-and-socket
What is the mobility of all types of synovial joints?
Freely movable (diarthrosis), but the degree depends on design of joint itself
________ joints have no joint cavity, are very stable, and have little to no movement
Fibrous
__________ are seams where bones are interconnected and tightly bound to one another by fibrous tissue
Sutures
Fibrous
____________ occurs where bones are exclusively connected by ligaments
Syndesmosis
Fibrous
__________ are peg-in-socket joints between teeth and bone
Gomphosis
Fibrous
Epiphyseal plates and joints between bony rib and costal cartilage are examples what what type of joint?
Cartilaginous (synchondrosis)
Stable (synarthrosis)
What is the major difference between cartilaginous symphyses joints and cartilaginous synchondrosis joints?
Synchondrosis are stable (synarthosis)
Symphysis are slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)
Also in the type of cartilage (fibrous vs. hyaline)
The intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis are examples of what type of joint?
Cartilaginous (symphyses)
What is the most movable type of joint?
Synovial
What type of cartilage covers the ends of the articulating bones in synovial joints?
Hyaline
What are the 3 major functions of the hyaline cartilage lining the synovial joints?
Gliding surface
Absorption of compression
Protection of bone
What are 5 major synovial joint structural components?
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
Synovial cavity
Articular (fibrous) capsule
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
What type of movement exhibited by synovial joints is characterized by gliding (e.g., carpal bones, acromioclavicular joints)
Plane movement
What type of movement exhibited by synovial joints is characterized by flexion and extension (e.g., elbow, knee, and ankle)
Hinge movement
What type of movement exhibited by synovial joints is characterized by rotation (e.g. Radius/ulnar joint)
Pivot movement
What type of movement exhibited by synovial joints is characterized by oval articular surcfaces permiting both flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and rotation?
Condyloid movement
Ex: between phalanges and metacarpals
What type of movement exhibited by synovial joints is characterized by both surfaces concaved and convexed, allowing flexion/extension and abduction/adduction?
Saddle movement
What type of movement exhibited by synovial joints is characterized by multiaxial movement?
Ball-and-socket movement
What are some examples of synovial joints that exhibit plane movement?
Intercarpals
Intertarsals
Joints between vertebral articular surfaces
What are some examples of synovial joints that exhibit hinge movement?
Elbows
Interphalangeal joints
What are some examples of synovial joints that exhibit pivot movements?
Proximal radioulnar joints
Atlantoaxial joints
What are some examples of synovial joints that exhibit condylar movement?
Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints
What are some examples of synovial joints that exhibit saddle movement?
Carpometacarpal joints of thumbs
What are some examples of synovial joints that exhibit ball-and-socket movement?
Shoulders
Hips
________ is a flattened fibrous sac lined by synovial membrane that serves to protect tendons, ligaments, and muscles as well as reduce friction between body elements
Bursa
_________ ________ is an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
Tendon sheath
________ is an inflammation of a bursa due to injury or friction
Bursitis
______ ______ is an expansive sheet of dense, irregular connective tissue that separates individual muscles, binds together muscles with similar functions, forms sheaths to help distribute nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, and fills spaces between muscles
Deep fascia
_________ attach muscle to bone, muscle to skin, or muscle to muscle
Tendons
Describe the general structure of a tendon
Thick and cordlike
Tendons sometimes form a thin, flattened sheet, termed an ________
Aponeurosis
Most skeletal muscle extend between bones and cross at least one moveable joint. Upon contraction, one of the bones moves while the other remains fixed.
The less moveable attachment of a muscle is called its ______
Origin
Most skeletal muscle extend between bones and cross at least one moveable joint. Upon contraction, one of the bones moves while the other remains fixed.
The more moveable attachment of a muscle is its ______
Insertion
The origin of a skeletal muscle typically lies _______ to the insertion
Proximal
The insertion point of a skeletal muscle is pulled ________ the origin
Toward
What type of fascicle arrangement surrounds external openings and are arranged in concentric rings?
Circular (sphincter)
What type of fascicle arrangement has broad origin while insertion comes together at a tendon?
Convergent
What type of fascicle arrangement has an expanded central belly
Fusiform
What type of fascicle arrangement has fascicles parallel to the long axis of the muscle and are strap like?
Parallel
What type of pennate fascicle arrangement has fascicles inserting into one side of the tendon?
Unipennate
What type of pennate fascicle arrangement has fascicles inserting into the tendon from both sides?
Bipennate
What type of pennate fascicle arrangement has fascicles inserting into one large tendon from all sides ?
Multipennate?
What type of pennate fascicle arrangement is most powerful?
Multipennate
What type of lever system has the fulcrum in the middle, between the force and resistance?
First class
What type of lever system has resistance between the fulcrum and the applied force?
Second class
What type of lever system has force applied between the resistance and the fulcrum?
Third class
What is the most common type of lever system in the human body?
Third class
Describe first-class lever systems in terms of force arrangements
Load - Fulcrum - Effort
Describe second-class lever systems in terms of force arrangements
Fulcrum - Load - Effort
Describe third-class lever systems in terms of force arrangements
Load - Effort - Fulcrum
What are some examples of muscles named for their location?
Pectoralis m.
Intercostal m.
What are some examples of muscles named for their shape?
Deltoid (triangle)
What are some examples of muscles named for their relative size?
Gluteus maximus/medius/minimus
Adductor longus
What are some examples of muscles named for their direction of fibers?
Rectus (straight)
Transversus and oblique (fibers run at angles to imaginary axis)
What are some examples of muscles named for their number of origins?
Biceps
Triceps
What are some examples of muscles named for location of their attachments?
Sternocleidomastoid
[note that these are named according to their point of insertion]
What are some examples of muscles named for their action?
Flexor
Extensor
What are some examples of muscles named for their body position?
Levator labii superioris m.
