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MSK Exam I > Lecture 15: Joints Of Lower Extremity > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Joints Of Lower Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 structures act as joint stabilizers in the knee?

A

Capsule
Ligaments
Muscle tendons and tone
Menisci

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2
Q

What ligament is taut in knee flexion?

A

Posterior cruciate ligament

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3
Q

What ligmanet is taut in knee extension?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

[prevents anterior displacement of tibia and prevents posterior displacement of femur]

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4
Q

The ACL is attached to the anterior part of the intercondylar area of the ______, and the medial side of the lateral condyle of the ______

Fibers are oriented superiorly, posteriorly, and laterally

A

Tibia; femur

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5
Q

The PCL is attached to the posterior part of the intercondylar area of the ____, and lateral surface of medial condyle of _______

Fibers are directed superiorly, anteriorly, and medially

A

Tibia; femur

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6
Q

The PCL is taut when the leg is flexed, which prevents anterior displacement of the ______, and posterior displacement of the _____

A

Femur; tibia

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7
Q

The anterior drawer sign tests what ligament of the knee

A

ACL

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8
Q

What ligament is tested with posterior drawer sign?

A

PCL - posterior cruciate ligament

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9
Q

The menisci of the knee are semilunar wedge shaped fibrocartilages within the knee joint attached to the joint capsule. They are bathed in synovial fluid and connected to the joint capsule.

What are the 2 main functions of the menisci?

A

Deepen the articular surface

Shock absorption

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10
Q

The medial and lateral menisci of the knee are joined anteriorly by what ligament?

A

Transverse ligament

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11
Q

A medial meniscal tear would cause pain with what type of motion?

A

Medial rotation

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12
Q

The medial meniscus is broader posteriorly. Its anterior horn is attached to tibia anterior to the _______, and the posterior horn is attached to tibia anterior to the _______

It is adherent to the deep surface of the ______ ______ ligament

A

ACL; PCL

Tibial collateral

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13
Q

Which meniscus is nearly circular, smaller, and more mobile than the other?

A

Lateral meniscus

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14
Q

What joins the lateral meniscus to the posterior cruciate ligament?

A

The posterior meniscofemoral ligament

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15
Q

What tendon passes between the lateral meniscus and the fibular collateral ligament?

A

Popliteus tendon

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16
Q

Which meniscus is more likely to tear and why?

A

Medial meniscus because the lateral is more mobile

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17
Q

What type of meniscal tear is able to heal on its own and why?

A

Peripheral meniscal tears, because there is blood supply there

[meniscal tears that do not heal or cannot be repaired are removed via arthroscopic surgery]

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18
Q

What elements of the knee are damaged in an “unhappy triad” knee injury?

A

Tibial collateral ligament
Medial meniscus
Anterior cruciate ligament

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19
Q

What type of force leads to an unhappy triad injury?

A

Excessive lateral force when foot is planted and knee is twisted

20
Q

The anatomical term for the ankle joint

A

Tibiotalar joint

21
Q

The tibiotalar joint is made up of the inferior ends of the tibia and fibula and the talus (trochlea). The 3-sided mortise (deep socket) is formed by 2 malleoli and the inferior tibia.

The malleoli grip on the trochlea the strongest during which type of motion at the ankle?

A

Dorsiflexion

[the wider, anterior part moves posteriorly, spreading the leg bones]

22
Q

What type of joint is the ankle (tibiotalar) joint and what type of motion does it do?

A

Hinge synovial joint: dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

23
Q

Describe the articular capsule of the tibiotalar joint

A

Thin anteriorly and posteriorly

Each side is supported by strong collateral ligaments: medial and lateral

24
Q

What ligament stabilizes the ankle during eversion?

A

Medial (deltoid) ligament

25
Q

What are the 4 parts of the medial (Deltoid) ligament, named from leg bone to foot bone?

A

Anterior tibiotalar part
Tibionavicular part
Tibiocalcaneal part
Posterior tibiotalar part

26
Q

The lateral ligaments of the tibiotalar joint consist of how many discrete ligaments that attached the lateral malleolus to talus and to the calcaneus?

A

Three

27
Q

What are the 3 discrete lateral ligaments of the tibiotalar joint, named from foot bone to leg bone?

A

Posterior talofibular ligament
Anterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament

28
Q

What joint exists where the talus rests on the calcaneus?

A

Subtalar (talocalcanean) joint

29
Q

What are the main movements of the subtalar joint?

A

Inversion and eversion

30
Q

The subtalar joint consists of a fibrous capsule supported by talocalcaneal ligaments. How is weight transferred in the subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint?

A

Weight is transferred from tibia to talus, then to the calcaneus

31
Q

What is the most frequently injured joint in the body?

A

Ankle

32
Q

What type of injury is an ankle sprain?

A

Ligament fiber tears, almost always an inversion injury

33
Q

What is the most commonly injured ligament in the ankle?

A

Anterior talofibular ligament

[calcanofibular ligament also may be torn]

34
Q

What type of fracture is characterized by a fragment of bone being torn off by an attached ligament?

A

Avulsion fracture

35
Q

The transverse tarsal joint is formed by what 2 separate joints aligned transversely?

A

Talonavicular joint

Calcaneocuboid joint

36
Q

What motions are performed at the transverse tarsal joint?

A

Together they permit slight rotation and thus add to inversion and eversion at the talocalcaneal joint

37
Q

Transection across which joint is the standard method for surgical amputation of the foot?

A

Transverse tarsal joint

38
Q

Which part of the foot is the primarily weight bearing part?

A

Medial longitudinal arch (calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, and medial 3 metatarsals)

39
Q

If the medial longitudinal arch is the primarily weight bearing part of the foot, what is the primary purpose of the lateral arch of the foot?

A

Balance

40
Q

What bones form the lateral foot arch?

A

Calcaneus, cuboid, lateral 2 metatarsals

41
Q

What bones form the transverse arch of the foot?

A

The transverse arch runs between the medial and lateral longitudinal arches; formed by cuboid, 3 cuneiforms, and metatarsal bones

42
Q

What are the dynamic longitudinal stabilizers of the arch of the foot?

A

Tibialis anterior and posterior
Flexor hallucis longus
Intrinsic plantar muscles

43
Q

What are the passive longitudinal stabilizers of the arches of the foot?

A

Plantar aponeurosis, short and long plantar ligaments, and the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)

44
Q

A passive fallen arch is primarily due to a laxity in what ligament of the foot?

A

Spring ligament (plantar calcaneonavicular ligament)

45
Q

The arch of the forefoot only has ______ stabilizers, whereas the arches of the metatarsus and tarsus have only ______ stabilizers

A

Passive; active/dynamic

46
Q

What is the clinical term for flat feet?

A

Pes planus

47
Q

In adolescents and adults, what causes pes planus?

A

“Fallen arches”, usually in medial parts of the longitudinal arch

Plantar ligaments and plantar aponeurosis become abnormally stretched

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament can no longer support the talus head - talar head displaces inferomedially and becomes prominent

MSK Exam I (18 decks)

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