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MSK Exam I > Lecture 16: Development Of Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Development Of Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

At approximately what week of development does development of the peripheral nervous system begin?

A

Week 4 (day 28-33)

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2
Q

Beginning at day 28 of development, motor neurons appear in the ______ column of the neural tube, starting in the _______ region

By day 29, ________ root ganglia are present at most levels. ______ root ganglia begin to form at day 30, starting in the________ region.

A

Ventral; cervical

Dorsal; ventral; cervical

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3
Q

At day 31 of development, spinal nerves sprout and grow into ________, starting in the cervical region

At day 33, ______ trunks form, starting in the cervical region

A

Myotomes

Sympathetic

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4
Q

The CNS is comprised of brain and spinal cord, and derivatives are formed from _______ ______

A

Neural tube

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5
Q

If the CNS is brain and spinal cord, what is the PNS?

A

All components of nervous system outside the CNS:

Cranial nerves and ganglia
Spinal nerves and ganglia
Autonomic nerves and ganglia
Enteric nervous system

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6
Q

The PNS develops primarily from ________ _______, with some aspects of neural crest, neuroectoderm, and ectodermal placodes

A

Neural tube

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7
Q

What are the 2 primary divisions of PNS?

A

Sensory (afferent) division

Motor (efferent) division

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8
Q

What are the 2 modalities of the sensory (afferent) division of the PNS?

A

Somatic sensory

Visceral sensory

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9
Q

What are the 2 modalities of the motor (efferent) division of PNS?

A

Somatic motor

Visceral motor

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10
Q

What modality of the PNS is responsible for motor innervation of all skeletal muscles?

A

Somatic motor (voluntary motor)

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11
Q

What modality of the PNS is responsible for motor innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, and is equivalent to the ANS?

A

Visceral motor (involuntary motor)

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12
Q

What modality of the PNS is responsible for touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature and proprioception in the skin, body wall, and limbs?

A

Somatic sensory

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13
Q

What special senses are associated with somatic sensory modality of the PNS?

A

Hearing, equilibrium, and vision

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14
Q

What modality of the PNS is associated with stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes, and irritation in the viscera; nausea and hunger?

A

Visceral sensory

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15
Q

What special senses are associated with visceral sensory modality of the PNS?

A

Taste and smell

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16
Q

Motor function is associated with what anatomical region of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior region

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17
Q

Autonomic function is associated with what anatomical region of the spinal cord?

A

Lateral regions

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18
Q

Sensory information is associated with what anatomical region of the spinal cord?

A

Posterior region

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19
Q

Which type of matter, gray or white, makes up the “H” shaped region of the spinal cord?

A

Gray

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20
Q

What is the gray matter of the spinal cord made up of?

A

Neurons and glial cells

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21
Q

What is the white matter of the spinal cord made up of?

A

Myelinated axons

Does not contain many neuron cell bodies

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22
Q

The gray matter of the spinal cord has posterior, lateral, and anterior horns, what function does each of these pertain to?

A

Posterior = sensory

Lateral = visceromotor

Anterior = motor

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23
Q

The developing neural tube is divided into dorsal and ventral regions, separated by what named component that will become the regions of the spinal cord?

A

Sulcus limitans

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24
Q

The neural tube is divided into dorsal and ventral regions, separated by the sulcus limitans and is comprised of a germinal _____________.

It spans the full width of the NT from lumen/canal to the outer surface. It will give rise to a range of cell types in the brain and spinal cord

A

Neuroepithelium

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25
Q

What are the 3 primary cell types derived from the germinal neuroepithelium?

A

Neuroblasts
Glioblasts (spongioblasts)
Ependymal cells

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26
Q

Germinal neuroepithelium gives rise to apolar neuroblasts, glioblasts (spongioblasts), and ependymal cells.

What is the fate of the apolar neuroblasts?

A

Become neurons, complete with axon + cell body + dendrites

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27
Q

Germinal neuroepithelium gives rise to apolar neuroblasts, glioblasts (spongioblasts), and ependymal cells.

What is the fate of glioblasts?

A

Become astrocytes (protoplasmic or fibrous)

OR

Become oligodendrocytes

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28
Q

Germinal neuroepithelium gives rise to apolar neuroblasts, glioblasts (spongioblasts), and ependymal cells.

What is the fate of the ependymal cells?

A

Become epithelium of the choroid plexus

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29
Q

Germinal neuroepithelium gives rise to apolar neuroblasts, glioblasts (spongioblasts), and ependymal cells.

What is an additional cell type not derived from neuroepithelium, but derived from mesenchymal cells?

A

Microglial cells (have macrophage-like activity)

30
Q

During neural tube differentiation, it is separated into 3 zones.

Which zone has stem cells positioned closest to the lumen that are mitotically active and will migrate?

A

Ventricular zone

31
Q

During neural tube differentiation, it is separated into 3 zones.

Which zone contains migrating cells that undergo differentiation into neurons and/or glia and extend axons away from the lumen toward the outer surface?

A

Mantle/intermediate zone

32
Q

During neural tube differentiation, it is separated into 3 zones.

Which zone is poor in neuronal cell bodies and contains axons that will eventually be myelinated?

A

Marginal zone

33
Q

By the end of the 4th week of development, the mantle layer of the spinal cord reorganizes into what 2 regions?

A

Alar (dorsal) columns

Basal (ventral) columns

34
Q

By the end of the 4th week of development, the mantle layer of the spinal cord reorganizes into the alar columns and basal columns. These are connected by the ______ ______ and the ______ ______

A

Roof plate; floor plate

35
Q

T/F: the roof plate and floor plate that join the alar and basal columns of the developing spinal cord have their own distinct populations of neurons

A

False! The roof and floor plate contain no direct populations of neurons

36
Q

T/F: plates/columns extend the entire length of the developing spinal cord and cells will undergo continued differentiation due to signaling from the plates

A

True

37
Q

The alar plate is made up of _______ horns which carry ________ information

A

Dorsal; sensory

38
Q

The basal plate is made up of ______ horns which carry ______ information

A

Ventral; motor

39
Q

Which of the following cell types are found in the neural tube?

A. Motor neurons
B. Sensory neurons
C. Interneurons
D. A and C only
E. All of the above
A

D. A and C only

You do not directly form sensory neurons in your neural tube or spinal cord, you will find sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion – cell body is positioned there and the other end is generally in the periphery like the skin

40
Q

Neuron types are determined based on their position in dorsal-ventral progenitor domains. What type of neurons are derived from dorsally positioned cells?

A

Interneurons

41
Q

Neuron types are determined based on their position in dorsal-ventral progenitor domains. What type of neurons are derived from ventrally positioned cells?

A

Interneurons
Motor neurons

[remember that sensory neurons do not form in the neural tube or spinal cord!]

42
Q

What signaling factor, member of the TGF-B superfamily, is found in the ROOF PLATE of the neural tube and forms a gradient counteracting SHH so that dorsal/ventral axis can be established?

A

BMP

43
Q

BMP goes on to activate what 2 signal factors in order to establish neuronal identity?

A

PAX3 and PAX7

44
Q

What signaling factor, found in the FLOOR PLATE of the neural tube helps establish a gradient so that dorsal/ventral axis can be established?

A

SHH

45
Q

A high concentration of SHH is found in the floor plate of the NT, and it contributes to the differentiation of ______ neurons

A

Motor

46
Q

What is the result of a low concentration of SHH on the neural tube?

A

Multiple interneurons are induced, depending on the decrease in SHH

47
Q

What are the 2 primary downstream targets of SHH for ventral neuron formation?

A

NKX2.2 and NKX6.1

48
Q

T/F: in general, sensory neurons form before the motor neurons

A

False! Motor neurons form before sensory

49
Q

_____________ columns form when the dorsalmost cells of the basal plate undergo segregation. These will form the ______ horns, which are only found in some areas of the spinal cord

A

Intermediolateral; lateral

50
Q

Only some areas of the spinal cord have lateral columns: T1-L3 and S2-S4.

What type of neurons are found in T1-L3 lateral horns?

A

Visceral motor neurons of SYMPATHETIC division (fight or flight)

51
Q

Only some areas of the spinal cord have lateral columns: T1-L3 and S2-S4.

What type of neurons are found in S2-S4 lateral horns?

A

Visceral motor neurons of PARASYMPATHETIC division (rest and digest)

52
Q

The peripheral nervous system is derived from what 2 major progenitors?

A 
Neural crest cells
Ectodermal placodes (cranial PNS only)
53
Q

What do neural crest cells give rise to in the trunk?

A

Sensory neurons in DRG
Schwann cells
Sympathetic ganglia
Enteric nervous system

54
Q

Axons of the PNS exiting the ventral horn pass through the cranial _________, forming the ventral root

The ventral root is then joined by axons from the _______ horn. Neural crest cells form DRG _______ neurons.

Axons from the DRG extend to the _____ horn

A

Sclerotome

Lateral; sensory

Dorsal

55
Q

What remnant of the lumen of the neural tube remains in the mature spinal cord?

A

Central canal

56
Q

T/F: spinal nerves contain 2-3 components each, so each spinal nerve carries both sensory and motor modalities (sometimes visceral MNs as well)

A

True

57
Q

The posterior root of spinal nerves consist of axons from ______ _____ _____

The ventral root of spinal nerves contain axons from ________ ______ ________

The ventral root of spinal nerves may also contain axons from _____ _______ ________in the intermediolateral cell columns/lateral horn

A

Dorsal root ganglion (sensory)

Somatic motor neurons

Visceral motor neurons

58
Q

What are the 4 types of neurons that may be found as components of a typical spinal nerve?

A

Somatic sensory neuron
Visceral sensory neuron
Autonomic motor neuron
Somatic motor neuron

59
Q

What type of nerve supplies somatic muscle?

A

General somatic efferent (GSE)

60
Q

What type of nerve supplies autonomics to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands?

A

General visceral efferent (GVE)

61
Q

What type of nerve supplies the muscles derived from the pharyngeal arches?

A

Branchial or Special Visceral Efferent (SVE)

62
Q

What type of nerve supplies sensation in the skin, joint capsule, tendon, and muscle?

A

General somatic afferent (GSA)

63
Q

What type of nerve supplies sensation of visceral structures?

A

General visceral afferent

64
Q

What type of nerve supplies senses of hearing, balance, and sight?

A

Special somatic afferent (SSA)

65
Q

What type of nerve supplies senses of taste and smell?

A

Special visceral afferent (SVA)

66
Q

The autonomic nervous system consists of a 2-chain system. What are the 2 chains?

A

Chain 1: Preganglionic neuron and fibers

Chain 2: Ganglionic neuron and postganglionic fibers

[recall that somatics have 1-neuron chain]

67
Q

What are some differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic = fairly short preganglionic fiber with numerous long branches, fight or flight, utilize ACh and NE as NT’s

Parasympathetic = long preganglionic fibers that extend out to ganglia that are positioned in the organs themselves, there is minimal branching compared to sympathetics, slower activation, utilize ACh as NT

68
Q

Preganglionic neurons of the ANS are derived from __________

A

Neuroectoderm

69
Q

What are the NCC derived sympathetics?

A

Trunk and collateral ganglia

Ganglionic neurons

70
Q

What are the NCC derived parasympathetics?

A

CN ganglia in the head and neck
Terminal ganglia in trunk
Ganglionic neurons

71
Q

What cell type is responsible for the myelination in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

[glial cells derived from neuroepithelium, begins in lower brain stem, older tracts first, 6th months through puberty

72
Q

What cell type is responsible for the myelination in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

[NCC derived, motor roots myelinated before sensory roots, 4th month]

MSK Exam I (18 decks)

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