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MSK Exam I > Lecture 3: Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What prevents CT from being exposed to outside environment?

A

It is separated from outside by an epithelium

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2
Q

CT cells are separated from each other by what?

A

EC matrix

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3
Q

_______ is a gel-like substance with embedded protein fibers; in bone, it is mineralized

A

ECM (extracellular matrix)

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4
Q

What types of material are carried by ECM?

A

O2, CO2, nutrients, and wastes

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5
Q

What are the 3 major categories of connective tissue?

A

Embryonic CT

Adult CT

Special CT

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6
Q

What is the major type of adult CT?

A

Fibrous

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7
Q

Adult fibrous CT can be subdivided into what 3 categories?

A

Loose (areolar) CT
Dense Regular CT
Dense Irregular CT

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of special CT?

A

Adipose
Cartilage
Bone
Hematopoeitic

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9
Q

What are some functions of CT?

A

Structural framework of body
Protection (dermis, bones)
Supports and interconnects other tissues
Energy storage
Transports fluids, cells, and dissolved chemicals through body
Defense against invasion by microorganisms

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10
Q

_____________ are cells of connective tissue that produce collagens, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

A

Fibroblasts

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11
Q

_____________ cells are connective tissue stem cells

A

Mesenchymal

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12
Q

_____________ are cells of connective tissue that store and release fats

A

Adipocytes

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13
Q

_____________ are cells of connective tissue that produce and maintain cartilage components

A

Chondrocytes

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14
Q

_____________ are cells of connective tissue that produce bone components

A

Osteoblasts

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15
Q

_____________ cells are cells of connective tissue that produce RBCs and immune cells (e.g. Macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells)

A

Hematopoietic stem

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16
Q

What fibrous component of ECM CT resists tension?

A

Collagen

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17
Q

There are several types of collagen but which one is most common?

A

Type I

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18
Q

What fibrous component of ECM CT is a stretchable fiber?

A

Elastin

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19
Q

What fibrous component of ECM CT contains type III collagen forms a looser, but supportive meshwork?

A

Reticular fibers

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20
Q

Where might you find a lot of elastin?

A

In the lungs; important for expansion/contraction of the tissue

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21
Q

Where might you find a lot of reticular fibers?

A

Lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen

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22
Q

Scurvy is due to insufficient __________, which is a required co-factor in cross-linking ________ fibers.

A

Vitamin C; collagen

[thus collagen is weakened and there is overall weak CT in the body]

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23
Q

Marfan’s syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder where _______ is weak

A

Elastin

[due to mutation in fibrillin-I gene, a component of tropoelastin]

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24
Q

What 3 systems does Marfan’s syndrome primarily affect?

A

Ocular
Skeletal
Cardiovascular (aneurysms, mitral prolapse)

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25
Q

What disease results in defects in collagen synthesis leading to weak collagen fibers?

A

Ehlers Danlos Syndrome

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26
Q

T/F: Type I collagen fibrils are aligned and crosslinked to increase tensile strength

On electron micrographs, banding of collagen fibrils is obtained due to fibril alignment

A

True

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27
Q

What are the 3 major types of amorphous ground substances associated with ECM CT?

A

Proteoglycans

Hyaluronan

Glycoproteins

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28
Q

What are the 3 major proteoglycans?

A

Chondroitins

Heparans

Keratans

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29
Q

What are the 3 major categories of glycoproteins?

A

Cytokines

Growth factors

Structural proteins (laminin, fibronectin, etc.)

30
Q

Describe Embryonic CT in terms of its contents (ECM, mesenchymal stem cells, collagen, reticular fibers)

A

Rich in ECM and mesenchymal stem cells

Some but not many collagen or reticular fibers

31
Q

Embryonic connective tissue in the umbilical cord is sometimes referred to as _______ ________

A

“Warton’s Jelly”

32
Q

________ cells are a self renewing cell population serving as a source for production of differentiated cells throughout life

A

Stem

33
Q

Adult stem cells are _________, meaning they can differentiate into a variety of cell types including fibroblasts, muscle cells (skeletal, smooth), osteoblasts, chondroblasts, adipocyte

A

Multipotent

34
Q

What are the 2 subclasses of connective tissue proper (fibrous connective tissue)?

A

Loose connective tissue

Dense connective tissue

35
Q

What are the 3 major types of loose connective tissue (fibrous CT)?

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

36
Q

What are the 3 major types of dense connective tissue (fibrous CT)?

A

Regular
Irregular
Elastic

37
Q

What are the 3 major types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

38
Q

What are the 2 major types of bone tissue?

A

Compact bone

Trabecular bone

39
Q

What type of CT is fluid and functions to carry substances throughout the body?

A

Blood

40
Q

Which of the following has these general features: hard tissue that resists both compression and tension; functions in support?

A. Fibrous CT
B. Cartilage
C. Bone
D. Blood

A

C. Bone

41
Q

Which of the following has these general features: resists compression because of the large amounts of water held in the matrix; functions to cushion and support body structures?

A. Fibrous CT
B. Cartilage
C. Bone
D. Blood

A

B. Cartilage

42
Q

Which of the following has these features: six types based on density and types of fibers, functions as binding tissue, resists mechanical stress, particularly tension?

A. Fibrous CT
B. Cartilage
C. Bone
D. Blood

A

A. Fibrous CT

43
Q

__________ is a loose, fibrous, low-density CT with both fixed and wandering cells. It is widespread in the body

A

Areolar

44
Q

_______ is a loose, fat-containing CT

A

Adipose

45
Q

________ is a loose CT that forms an open framework to create a supportive mesh for holding free cells

A

Reticular

46
Q

In what type of dense CT would you have fibers deposited in a random pattern?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

47
Q

Where might you find dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Dermis of the skin

48
Q

What type of dense CT has fibers depositive in highly regular pattern?

A

Dense regular CT

49
Q

Where might you find dense regular CT?

A

Tendons connecting skeletal muscle to bone

50
Q

What is the primary characteristic of elastic CT (a type of dense CT)?

A

Rich in elastin fibers

51
Q

What are 3 of the major fixed cell types in loose areolar CT?

A

Fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Mesenchymal cells

52
Q

What are 4 of the major “wandering” cell types associated with loose areolar CT?

A

Macrophages
Mast cells
Leukocytes/lymphocytes
Plasma cells

53
Q

What type of CT functions to support and bind other tissues as well as hold body fluids and defend against infections?

A

Loose CT

54
Q

What type of CT is found immediately beneath membranous epithelia (where it is referred to as lamina propria), as well as around blood vessels, muscles, and nerves?

A

Loose CT

55
Q

Describe adipose CT in terms of its contents

A

Abundant adipocytes and sparse ECM

56
Q

What are some of the functions of adipose CT?

A

Provides reserve energy source and insulates against heat loss

Supports and protects organs (by padding organ or filling space)

57
Q

Where are some of the major locations where you would find adipose CT?

A

Under the skin

Around organs (kidney, eyeballs, etc.)

Within abdomen, breasts, and buttocks

58
Q

What type of fat functions in energy storage, insulation, cushioning vital organs, and hormone secretion?

A

White fat

59
Q

What type of fat is a key type of thermogenic tissue that is abundant in newborns but greatly reduced in adults?

A

Brown fat

60
Q

Dense irregular CT consists of an ECM of tightly packed, interwoven collagen fibers running in a random pattern

What is the principle cell type?

A

Fibroblasts

61
Q

What type of CT is found in tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, dense fascia, and joint capsules?

A

Dense regular CT

62
Q

What type of CT is found in dermis of the skin, capsules surrounding organs, perichondrium, periosteum, and fascia?

A

Dense irregular CT

63
Q

Dense regular CT consists of an ECM of tightly packed, regularly arranged collagen fibers

What is the principle cell type, vascularization, and appearance when not under tension?

A

Principle cell type is fibroblasts

Poorly vascularized

When not under tension, has wavy appearance

64
Q

T/F: dense regular CT is flexible when undergoing pulling forces

A

False, it resists pulling forces

65
Q

What type of CT would you find in blood vessel walls, bronchiole tubes, and special ligaments (e.g. Ligamentum nuchae)?

A

Elastic CT (allows recoil of tissue following stretching)

66
Q

What are the major functions of fibroblasts?

A

Produce collagen, elastin, reticular fibers, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins in ECM

67
Q

Describe the histological appearance of adipocytes

A

Closely packed with nuclei pushed to the side by large fat droplets

Very well vascularized

68
Q

What cell type is differentiated from blood monocytes with the primary function of phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria, damaged cells, removal of debris, and antigen processing/presentation?

A

Macrophages

69
Q

What cell type secretes chemicals such as histamine and heparin?

What are the functions of these chemicals?

A

Mast cells

Histamine mediates allergic responses

Heparin is an anti-coagulant of blood

70
Q

What cell type is differentiated from B-lymphocytes and functions to produce antibodies that mediate immunity?

A

Plasma cells

MSK Exam I (18 decks)

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