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MSK Exam I > Lecture 17: Development Of Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Development Of Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Development of the musculoskeletal system occurs aorund day 33, when ______ processes appear on the vertebral bodies. The following week, in the thoracic region, these processes elongate to form ribs.

At day 40, ________ sternal bars appear and costovertebral joints begin to develop.

At day 45, ribs connect with sternal bars; sternal bars begin to fuse. By day 60, the sternal bars are completely fused.

A

Costal

Mesodermal

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2
Q

What important musculoskeletal developmental event occurs at day 40?

A

Myotome splits into epimere and hypomere

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3
Q

What important musculoskeletal developmental event occurs at day 60?

A

Epimere gives rise to spinal musculature

Hypomere gives rise to trunk wall muscle layers

Sacral vertebrae fuse to form sacrum

Intervertebral discs are distinct and consist of an annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

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4
Q

What portion of the paraxial mesoderm somite becomes the muscles of the trunk?

A

Myotome

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5
Q

What does the sclerotome of the paraxial mesoderm somite become?

A

Vertebrae, cartilate of ribs

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6
Q

What are the 3 primary components derived from the paraxial mesoderm somite?

A

Sclerotome
Dermomyotome
Syndetome

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7
Q

Somite –> syndetome –> __________

A

Tendons

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8
Q

Somite –> sclerotome –> __________, _________

A

Vertebrae, ribs

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9
Q

Somite –> dermomyotome –> dermotome –> ____________

A

Posterior dermis

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10
Q

Somite –> dermomyotome –> myotome –> _______ + ________

A

Epimere + hypomere

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11
Q

What portion of the myotome forms deep epaxial muscles (erector spinae and transversospinalis mm.)?

A

Epimere

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12
Q

What portion of the myotome forms the hypaxial muscles (lateral and ventral body wall)?

A

Hypomere

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13
Q

The epimere gives rise to deep epaxial muscles like the erector spinae group and transversospinalis mm. which typically act as extensors. These are innervated by what division of the spinal nerves?

A

Posterior ramus

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14
Q

T/F: sensory nerve processes are found in all nerves to muscle in addition to cutaneous nerves

A

True

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15
Q

The ______ division of muscles = the extensor muscles of neck and vertebral column

A

Epaxial

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16
Q

What are the 4 myotomes associated with the hypaxial division of muscles?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrococcygeal

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17
Q

Scalenes, prevertebral, geniohyoid, and infrahyoid muscles are associated with the ___________ myotome of the hypaxial muscle division

A

Cervical

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18
Q

Quadratus lumborum m. is associated with the ___________ myotome of the hypaxial muscle division

A

Lumbar

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19
Q

Lateral and ventral flexor muscles of the vertebral column are associated with the ___________ myotome of the hypaxial muscle division

A

Thoracic

20
Q

Pelvic floor musculature is associated with the ___________ myotome of the hypaxial muscle division

A

Sacrococcygeal

21
Q

__________syndrome is characterized by absence of pectoralis minor and partial loss of pectoralis major, resulting in ipsilateral breast hypoplasia. May also be associated with syndactyly or brachydactyly

A

Poland syndrome

22
Q

Is Poland syndrome more frequent in males or females?

A

Males (1/20,000 overall prevalence)

23
Q

___________ syndrome is characterized by partial or complete absence of abdominal musculature. May also be associated with cryptochidism (failure or one/both testes to descend) and malformation of urinary tract and bladder (results in urethra obstruction and fluid accumulation in abdomen causing further muscle atrophy)

A

Prune-belly

24
Q

The sclerotome will develop into vertebrae and ribs. Sclerotomes are regionalized into ventral, dorsal, and lateral cells.

What are the ventral cells associated with?

A

Vertebral body

25
Q

The sclerotome will develop into vertebrae and ribs. Sclerotomes are regionalized into ventral, dorsal, and lateral cells.

What are the dorsal cells associated with?

A

Vertebral arch and spine

26
Q

The sclerotome will develop into vertebrae and ribs. Sclerotomes are regionalized into ventral, dorsal, and lateral cells.

What are the lateral cells associated with?

A

Vertebral transverse processes and ribs

27
Q

What is the significance of resegmentation of the sclerotome?

A

The sclerotome splits into cranial and caudal pieces, allowing spinal nerves to come out and make contact with their muscle targets. By the time the vertebrae fusion process is complete, the vertebral body will be derived from 2 different portions of sclerotome.

28
Q

What sclerotome is found cranial to C1, and contributes along with the cranial portion of C1 to the base of the occipital bone?

A

O4

29
Q

Normally, spinal nerves are named for the vertebrae that sits inferiorly, what is the exception to this?

A

C8 - cranial portion of C8 contributes to C7. Caudal portion of C8 contributes to T1. So C8 spinal nerve sits superior to C7 vertebrae

[normal example would be that C4 spinal nerve sits superior to C4 vertebrae]

30
Q

At the end of the 4th week of development, sclerotome cells appear as paired condensations of mesenchyme around the _________

Some densely packed cells move cranially and form the _________ ______

Remaining densely packed cells fuse with the cells of the immediately caudal sclerotome, forming the ________

A

Notochord

Intervertebral disc

Centrum

31
Q

Once the centrum (an intersegmental structure) develops from 2 adjacent sclerotomes, spinal nerves lying near the intervertebral discs extend from the spinal cord to innervate the __________

Intersegmental ________ also lie on each side of the vertebral bodies

A

Myotome; arteries

32
Q

Formation of centrum from 2 adjacent sclerotomes results in trapping of portions of the notochord, leaving the _______ _____ as a remnant.

The __________ _______ is the remaining derivative of the sclerotome

A

Nucleus pulposus

Annulus fibrosus

33
Q

Sclerotome (mesenchymal) cells that surround the neural tube form the _______ ______, which is the primordium of the vertebral arch

A

Neural arch

34
Q

The MAIN part of the sclerotome gives rise to what portion of the vertebrae?

A

Transverse processes

35
Q

In the formation of the intervertebral discs, the _______ expands to form the nucleus pulposus, which will become surrounded by circularly arranged fibers that form the ________ _________

A

Notochord

Annulus fibrosus

36
Q

What type of cartilage is associated with the intervertebral discs? Does this have a perichondrium?

A

Fibrocartilage; does NOT have a perichondrium

37
Q

What type of cartilage is associated with most structures of the developing embryo? Does this have a perichondrium?

A

Hyaline cartilage, yes it has a perichondrium

38
Q

Ribs develop from _________ processes of the thoracic vertebrae; cartilaginous during embryonic period and ossify during fetal period

A

Costal

39
Q

During development you have paired sternal bars that are derived from somatic ________ ________ mesoderm. They develop ventrolaterally in the body wall, then move _________.

A

Lateral plate

Medially

40
Q

The paired sternal bars with fuse (at 10 weeks) to form cartilaginous models of the ________, _______ (segments of sternal body), and ________ process

A

Manubrium; sternebrae; xiphoid

41
Q

What genes are responsible for specifying vertebrae identity; i.e., how do thoracic vertebrae “know” to grow ribs?

A

Hox genes

[boundaries correspond to changes in vertebral shape - expression alterations can cause transformations of vertebrae]

42
Q

If hox10 genes are responsible for the lack of development of ribs on lumbar and sacral, what would be the result of mutation in all copies of hox10?

A

Development of additional ribs in thoracic and sacral vertebrae

43
Q

What vertebral malformation results in additional structures attached at C7, which may impinge on the brachial plexus and/or subclavian a. (thoracic outlet syndrome)

A

Cervical ribs

44
Q

What body wall malformation results from a depressed sternum that is sunked posteriorly?

A

Pectus excavatum

45
Q

What body wall malformation is characterized by bilateral flattening of the chest with an anteriorly projecting sternum?

A

Pectus carinatum

MSK Exam I (18 decks)

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