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ELM2 - musculoskeletal > lecture 6 - back & vertebral column > Flashcards

lecture 6 - back & vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 key functions of the vertebral column?

A

Support, movement, protection

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2
Q

What are the 5 regional divisions of the vertebral column?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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3
Q

How many total vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

A

33

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4
Q

How many mobile vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

A

24

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5
Q

How many fused vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

A

9

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6
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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7
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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8
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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9
Q

How many fused sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5

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10
Q

How many fused coccygeal vertebrae are there?

A

3-4

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11
Q

What are the 2 curvatures of the spine?

A

primary/kyphosis, secondary/lordosis

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12
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

The primary curvature of the spine - concave forwards

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13
Q

What is lordosis?

A

secondary curvature - vertebral column convex forward

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14
Q

Which regions of the vertebral column have kyphosis/primary curvature?

A

thoracic, sacral

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15
Q

What regions of the vertebral column have lordosis/secondary curvature?

A

cervical, lumbar

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16
Q

What is hyperkyphosis?

A

A ‘hunchback’ caused by an increase in the primary curve (particularly of the thoracic vertebrae)

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17
Q

What is hyper-lordosis?

A

Increase in the seocndary curve (particularly of the lumbar vertebrae)

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18
Q

What is the clinical term for lateral deviation of the vertebral column?

A

Scoliosis

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19
Q

What movement is extension of the vertebral column?

A

Leaning head backwards

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20
Q

What movement is flexion of the vertebral column?

A

Leaning the body forwards

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21
Q

What part of a vertebra is most anterior?

A

Vertebral body

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22
Q

What part of a vertebra is most posterior?

A

Spinous process

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23
Q

What parts of a vertebra extend most laterally?

A

Transverse processes

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24
Q

what are the 2 main components of a vertebra?

A

Vertebral body, vertebral arch

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25
Q

What connects the vertebral body and vertebral arch?

A

pedicle

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26
Q

What connects the transverse & apinous processes?

A

Lamina

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27
Q

What are all the processes of a vertebra?

A

2 transverse processes, 1 spinous process, 2 superior articular processes, 2 inferior articular processes

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28
Q

What are the 2 atypical cervical verebrae?

A

C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)

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29
Q

What is the name for C1 vertebrae?

A

Atlas

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30
Q

What is the name for the C2 vertebra?

A

Axis

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31
Q

What does the Atlas articulate with?

A

Axis inferiorly, cranium superiorly

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32
Q

What is the joint between C1 and C2?

A

Atlantoaxial joint

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33
Q

Which feature of the axis provides a pivot for rotation?

A

Dens

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34
Q

What are the features of the body of cervical vertebrae?

A

Small, delicate, saddle-shaped

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35
Q

What are the features of the spinous process of cervical vertebrae?

A

Short, bifid (split in process)

36
Q

What are the features of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Have a transverse foramen for the transverse vertebral arteries to pass through

37
Q

What are the features of the vertebral foramen of cervical foramen?

A

large, triangular/heart shape

38
Q

Which vertebrae have a transverse foramen?

39
Q

Which vertebrae have a bifid spinous process?

40
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries pass through in the spinal cord?

A

The transverse foramens of the cervical vertebrae

41
Q

What are the features of the atlas?

A

No vertebral body, no spinous process, facet for skull articulation, facet for dens articulation

42
Q

What are the features of the axis?

A

Dens, bifid spinous process, facet for articulation with atlas

43
Q

What is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Joint between the atlas (C1) and the cranium

44
Q

What is the function of the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

flexion & extension at the neck (nodding)

45
Q

What is the function of the atlanto-axial joint?

A

Right and left rotation (shaking head)

46
Q

Which ligaments hold the dens in place in the atlanto-axial joint?

A

Transverse ligament, cruciform ligament

47
Q

What are the features of the body of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

2 demifacets for articulation with head of ribs

48
Q

What are the features of the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

1 full facet on each for articulation with the ribs

49
Q

What are the features of the spinous process of thoracic vertebrae?

A

long, posterior, inferiorly directed (pointing downwards)

50
Q

What are the 2 points of articulation of the ribs with the thoracic vertebrae?

A

head of ribs, tubercle/neck of rib

51
Q

Which vertebrae do the ribs articulate with?

52
Q

What are the features of the body of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

Large, kidney shaped

53
Q

What are the features of the vertebral foramen of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

triangular shaped

54
Q

What are the features of the spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae?

A

large, short, thick

55
Q

What are the features of the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae?

A

long, slender

56
Q

Which vertebrae are the strongest?

57
Q

Which vertebrae have the biggest posterior space between them?

58
Q

What is the term for the vertical passage through the sacrum?

A

sacral canal

59
Q

What is the term for the distal opening of the sacral canal?

A

Sacral hiatus

60
Q

What are the 2 types of lateral foramen of the sacrum?

A

Anterior sacral foramen, posterior sacral foramen

61
Q

What is the term for the most anterior tip of the sacrum?

A

Sacral promontory

62
Q

What is the long name for the Z joint?

A

zygapophysial joint

63
Q

What is the name for the joint between two articular processes of 2 vertebrae?

A

Z joint - zygaopophysial joint

64
Q

What class of joint is the Z-joint?

A

plane synovial

65
Q

What dictates the relative movement at Z joints in different parts of the spine?

A

The orientation/shape of the articular processes at each level

66
Q

Which movements are limited at the intevertebral joints of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

flexion/extension

67
Q

Which movements are limited at the intevertebral joints of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

rotation, lateral flexion

68
Q

What is the function of the intervertebral foramen?

A

To allow structures such as spinal nerves and blood vessels to pass in and out of the vertebral canal

69
Q

What are the components of an intervertebral disc?

A

Anulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus

70
Q

What is the anulus fibrosus, and what is its structure?

A

Outer layer of intervertertebral disc, made of ring of circular collagen fibres

71
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus, and what is its structure?

A

Central component of interverterbral disc, fluid/gelatinous centre

72
Q

What are the functions of the intervertebral discs?

A

Resist compression, bind vertebrae, absorb shock, resist motion/stabilise

73
Q

What are the ligaments between vertebral bodies?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament

74
Q

What is the ligament between vertebral laminae?

A

Ligamentum flavum

75
Q

Where is the ligamentum flavum found?

A

Between adjacent vertebral lamina in the vertebral column

76
Q

Which ligaments are found between the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae?

A

Interspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament

77
Q

Where are the Interspinous ligaments located?

A

Between the superior/inferior surfaces of the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

78
Q

Where is the supraspinous ligament located?

A

Runs vertically down the ends of the adjacent spinous processes

79
Q

What structure is continuous with the supraspinous ligament between C7 and the skull?

A

Ligamentum nuchae

80
Q

Which ligament is the ligamentum nuchae a continuation of?

A

The supraspinous ligament

81
Q

At which spinal level is the ligamentum nuchae found?

A

cervical - between base of skull & C7

82
Q

What are the 2 groups of back muscles?

A

Superficial/extrinsic, deep/intrinsic

83
Q

What are the 5 superficial back muscles?

A

Trapezius, lattismus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid minor, rhomboid major

84
Q

What is the medial group of deep back muscles called?

A

Erector spinae

85
Q

What are the 3 muscles of erector spinae (medial to lateral)?

A

Spinalis, Longissmus, Iliocostalis

86
Q

What are the 7 key deep muscles of the back?

A

Splenius, erector spinae (spinalis, longissmus, ilicostalis), semispinalis, rotators, multifidus

ELM2 - musculoskeletal (28 decks)

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