lecture 14 - upper limb bones/joints Flashcards
What are the functions of the upper limb?
reaching, grasping, carrying, throwing, hitting, delicate manipulations
What are the bones of the shoulder girdle?
scapula, clavicle
What bones are the shoulder girdles attached to?
sternum, humerus
What is the shape of the medial end of the clavicle?
rounded
What is the shape of the lateral end of the clavicle?
flattened
What are the curvatures of the shaft of the clavicle?
Medial 2/3 is convex forwards, lateral 1/3 is concave forward
Which surface of the clavicle is roughened, and which is smooth?
Upper surface smooth, lower surface roughened
Why is the upper surface of the clavicle smooth while the lower surface is roughened?
The lower surface has muscle attachements
What are the 3 borders of the scapula?
medial border, lateral border, superior border
What are the 2 angles of the scapula?
Superior angle, inferior angle
What is the name for the anterior flat surface of the scapula?
Sub-scapular fossa
What is the name for the posterior flat surface of the scapula, below the spine?
Infraspinous fossa
What is the name for the posterior flat surface of the scapula, above the spine?
Supraspinous fossa
What part of the scapula has the scapula spine?
The posterior surface
What are the 2 processes of the scapula?
Coracoid process, acromion process
What part of the scapula does the clavicle articulate with?
Acromion
What are the 2 joints of the clavicle?
Acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular
What ligament stabilises the acromioclavicular joint?
superior acromioclavicular ligament
What ligament stabilises the clavicle by joining it to the coracoid?
Coracoclavicular ligament
What ligament is made up of the trapezoid and conoid components?
Coracoclavicular ligament
What are the 2 parts of the coracoclavicular ligament?
trapezoid, conoid
What is the medial part of the coracoclavicular ligament
Conoid
What is the lateral part of the coracoclavicular ligament?
trapezoid
What part of the sternum does the clavicle articulate with?
Manubrium
What ligament stabilises the connection between the 2 clavicles, superior to the manubrium?
Interclavicular ligament
What ligament stabilises the medial clavicle to the 1st rib?
Costoclavicular ligament
What ligaments stabilises the sternoclavicular joint?
Anterior and superior sternoclavicular ligaments
What structures are found between the sternum and clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint?
fibrocartilaginous articular disc
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
Synovial plane joint
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
synovial saddle joint
What ligament stabilises the scapula be joining the coracoid process and acromion?
Coracoacromial ligament
What ligament wraps around the tendon of the long head of the biceps proximally?
transverse humeral ligament
What are the 2 articulating surfaces of the shoulder joint?
head of humerus, glenoid fossa
What is the alternative name for the shoulder joint?
Glenohumeral joint
What ligament prevents superior shoulder dislocation?
coracoacromial ligament
What are the capsular ligaments of the glenohumeral joint?
Coracohumeral ligament, glenohumeral ligaments
What structure forms a rim around the glenoid fossa?
glenoid labrum
What tendon is attached to the glenoid labrum?
Tendon of long head of biceps brachii
What is the more proximal neck of the humerus?
Anatomic neck
What is the more distal neck of the humerus?
surgical neck
What are the consequences of a fracture to the anatomical neck of the humerus?
necrosis of the head due to cutting off the blood supply
What are the consequences of a fracture to the surgical neck of the humerus?
disruption of circumflex arteries and axillary nerve
What structures stabilise the glenohumeral joint?
Rotator cuff muscles, coracoacromial arch, long head of the biceps
What are the 3 bones of the elbow joint?
Humerus, radius, ulna
What is the most medial part of the distal humerus?
medial epicondyle
What is the most lateral part of the distal humerus?
Lateral epicondyle
What are the anterior fossa (s) of the distal humerus?
coronoid fossa, radial fossa
What are the posterior fossa (s) of the distal humerus?
olecranon fossa
What is the medial feature of the anterior articulation of the humerus at the elbow?
trochlea
What is the lateral feature of the anterior articulation of the humerus at the elbow?
capitulum
What feature of the ulna articualtes with the trochlea?
Trochlea notch
What feature fits into the radial fossa upon flexion at the elbow?
Radial tuberosity
Where is head of the radius found?
at the proximal end at elbow joint
Where is head of the ulna found?
at the distal end at the wrist joint
What is the bony eminence of the ulna that articulates at the inferior elbow joint?
Olecranon
Where is the radial tuberosity located?
On the proximal, anterior radius
Where is the ulna tuberosity located?
Proximal anterior ulna
What type of joint is the elbow?
Synovial, hinge joint
What are the 2 parts of the elbow joint?
Humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint
What are the components of the humeroulnar joint?
Trochlea of humerus, trochlear notch of ulna
What are the components of the humeroradial joint?
capitulum, head of radius
What movements are possible at the elbow?
flexion, extension
What ligaments stabilise the elbow joint?
Ulnar collateral ligament, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament
What are the attachments of the ulnar collateral ligament?
Medial epicondyle of humerus, trochlear notch of ulnar
What are the attachments of the radial collateral ligament?
lateral epicondyle, annular ligament
What are the attachments of the annular ligament?
Radial notch, fibrous capsule & RCL of joint
What ligaments are attached to the radius?
None - the annular ligament wraps around but does not attach, and the RCL attaches directly to the annular ligament
What type of joint are the radioulnar joints?
Pivot joints
What are the movements possible at the radioulnar joints?
pronation, supination
What is the position of the hand during pronation?
palming facing posterior (in anatomical position)
What is the position of the hand during supination?
Palm facing anterior (anatomical position)
What ligament stabilises the proximal radioulnar joint?
Annular ligament
What are the articulating components of the proximal radioulnar joint?
head of radius, radial fossa of ulna
What are the articulating components of the distal radioulnar joint?
Ulnar notch of radius, styloid process of ulna
What sits between the ulnar and radius at the distal radioulnar joint?
L shaped/triangular articular disc
How many phalanges does each digit have?
3 for fingers, 2 for thumb/pollex
What is the first digit?
thumb/pollex
What is the fifth digit?
pinkie finger
How many carpal bones are there?
8
What are the 8 carpal bones?
(proximal lateral) Scaphoid, Lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, hamate, capitate (distal medial)
(Some Lovers Try Positions
That They Can’t Handle)
What are the 4 proximal carpals?
Lateral to medial: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform
What are the 4 distal carpals?
(lateral to medial) trapezium, trapezoid, hamate, capitate
What type of joint is the wrist?
Ellipsoidal
What movements are possible at the wrist joint?
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
What ligaments stabilise abduction and adduction at the wrist joint?
radial and ulnar collateral ligaments
What is abduction at the wrist in terms of bones?
radial deviation
What is the name for the joints between the distal and proximal row of carpals?
Midcarpal joints
What type of joint are the medial 4 carpometacarpal joints?
Plane joints
What type of joint is the lateral metacarpal joint?
saddle joint
What does the first metacarpal articulate with proximally?
trapezium bone (carpal)
What movements are possible at the first carpometacarpal joint?
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, opposition
What type of joint are the metacarpophalangeal joints?
ellipsoidal
What movements are possible at the metacarpophalangeal joints?
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
What are the ligaments supporting the metacarpophalangeal joints?
joint capsule, medial/lateral collateral ligaments, palmar ligament, deep transverse metacarpal ligament
What type of joint are the interphalangeal joints?
Hinge joints
What movements are possible at the interphalangeal joints?
flexion/extension
What are the steps in the transmission of force through the upper limb from the hand?
metacarpal bones, carpals, radius, ulna (via interosseous membrane), humerus, shoulder girdle, sternum, ribs
