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ELM2 - musculoskeletal > lecture 2 - lower limb bones/joints > Flashcards

lecture 2 - lower limb bones/joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 regions of the lower limb?

A

Gluteal, thigh, leg, foot

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2
Q

What are the bones of the lower limb?

A

Sacrum, coccyx, hip bone (ilium, ischium, pubis), femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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3
Q

What bones make up the pelvis?

A

Ilium, ischium pubis

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4
Q

What bones are found in the gluteal region?

A

Sacrum, coccyx, hip (ilium, ischium, pubis)

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5
Q

What bones are found in the thigh region?

A

Femur, patella

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6
Q

What part of the hip bone does the femur articulate with?

A

The acetabulum

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7
Q

What covers the obturator foramen?

A

Obturator membrane

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8
Q

What is the name for the gap in the obturator membrane?

A

Obturator canal

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9
Q

What is the joint between the pubis of the left and right hip bones?

A

The pubic symphysis

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10
Q

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

A

Ventrally synovial, dorsally fibrous

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11
Q

Why is the sacroiliac joint fibrous on the dorsal aspect?

A

It has the strong interosseous ligament

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12
Q

What are the ligaments of the sacroiliac joints?

A

Interosseous sacroiliac, posterior sacroiliac, anterior sacroiliac

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13
Q

What is the deep ligament os the sacroiliac joint?

A

Interosseous sacroiliac ligament

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14
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

Fibrocartilaginous

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15
Q

What are the ligaments at the pubic symphysis?

A

Superior pubic, inferior pubic

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16
Q

What is the space that sits superior to the sacrospinous ligament?

A

The greater sciatic foramen

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17
Q

What is the space thats sits inferior to the sacrospinous ligament?

A

Lesser sciatic foramen

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18
Q

What ligament joins the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle?

A

The inguinal ligament

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19
Q

What is the ligament between the sacrum and the ischial spine?

A

Sacrospinous ligament

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20
Q

What is the ligament between the sacrum and the ischial tuberosity?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

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21
Q

What class of joint is the hip joint?

A

Synovial ball & socket

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22
Q

What are the bony components of the hip joint?

A

Head of the femur, acetabulum of the pelvic bone

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23
Q

What is the function of the acetabular labrum?

A

Increases shock absorption and mobility of the hip joint

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24
Q

What movements are possible at the hip joint?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial & lateral rotation, circumduction

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25
Q

What is the name for the prominence between the the greater and lesser trochanter on the anterior surface?

A

Intertrochanteric line

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26
Q

What is the name for the prominence between the the greater and lesser trochanter on the posterior surface?

A

Intertrochanteric crest

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27
Q

What is the function of the acetabular labrum?

A

Increases boney congruence (depth of the socket)

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28
Q

What is the name for the indentation on the head of the femur where the ligament attaches>

A

Fovea

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29
Q

What ligament crosses the acetabulum to stabilise the hip joint?

A

Transverse acetabular ligament

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30
Q

What ligament attaches the fovea to the acetabulum?

A

The ligament of the head of the femur

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31
Q

What vessel supplies the ligament of the head of the femur?

A

The artery of the ligament of the head of the femur

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32
Q

What are the arterial branches of the obturator artery that eventually supply the head of the femur?

A

Obturator artery -> acetabular branch of the obturator artery -> artery of the ligament of the head of the femur

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33
Q

What structure surrounds the ligament of the head of the femur?

A

Synovial sleeve

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34
Q

What are the 3 capsular ligaments of the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral, ishiofemoral, pubofemoral

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35
Q

Where do the capsular ligaments of the hip attach to the hip bone?

A

Edges of the acetabulum

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36
Q

Where do the capsular ligaments of the hip attach to the femur?

A

anteriorly to intertrochanteric line, posteriorly to neck

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37
Q

What movements are stabilised by the iliofemoral ligament?

A

extension, external rotation, adduction at the hip

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38
Q

What movements are stabilised by the ishiofemoral ligament?

A

Extension, internal rotation, abduction at the hip

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39
Q

What movements are stabilised by the pubofemoral ligament?

A

Extension, external rotation, abduction

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40
Q

What are the 3 key blood supplies to the hip joint?

A

medial & lateral circumflex femoral arteries, artery of head of femur, medullary vessels

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41
Q

Where do the medial & lateral circumflex femoral arteries arise?

A

Deep femoral artery, which is a branch of the femoral artery

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42
Q

During which stage of development is the femur supplied by medullary vessels?

A

After the fusion of epiphysis

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43
Q

What are the 2 classes of hip joint fracture in terms of location?

A

Extracapsular, intracapsular

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44
Q

What are the 2 types of extracapsular fracture of the hip joint?

A

trochanteric, sub-trochanteric

45
Q

Where do intracapsular fractures of the hip joint usually occur?

A

The neck of the femur

46
Q

What class of joint is the knee joint?

A

Synovial, condylar

47
Q

What part of the femur articulates at the knee joint?

A

Femoral condyles (medial & lateral)

48
Q

What part of the tibia articulates at the knee joint?

A

Tibial condyles (medial & lateral)

49
Q

What bone does the patella articulate with?

A

Femur (patello-femoral joint)

50
Q

What type of bone is the patella?

A

Sesamoid

51
Q

What feature of the knee joint increases congruency and absorbs shock?

A

Menisci (lateral & medial)

52
Q

What movements are possible at the knee?

A

Flexion/extension, rotation of flexed knee

53
Q

What part of the tibia sits between the femoral condyles?

A

The intercondylar eminence

54
Q

What are the menisci?

A

C-shaped Fibrocartilage that sits between the femur and tibia at the knee joint to increase congruency, absorb shock, and distribute axial load

55
Q

What are the 2 key types of knee joint stabilising ligaments?

A

Cruciate ligaments, collateral ligaments

56
Q

What are the 2 cruciate ligaments?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

57
Q

What are the 2 knee collateral ligaments?

A

Medial collateral ligament (MCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

58
Q

What tendon stabilises the knee joint?

A

Popliteal tendon

59
Q

What ligament stabilises the knee and attaches the patella to the tibia?

A

The patella ligament

60
Q

What are the attachments of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

Anterior tibial intercondylar eminence to lateral condyle of femur

61
Q

What are the attachments of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)?

A

posterior of tibial intercondylar eminence to medial condyle of femur

62
Q

What is the role of the ACL?

A

Prevent anterior displacement of tibia

63
Q

What is the role of the PCL?

A

Prevent posterior displacement of the tibia

64
Q

What are the attachments of the medial collateral ligament (MCL)?

A

medial femoral condyle and medial surface of tibia

65
Q

What are the attachments of the lateral collateral ligament?

A

lateral femoral epicondyle and head of fibula

66
Q

What is the function of the MCL?

A

prevent valgus force/abduction(lateral movement)

67
Q

What cartilaginous structure does the MCL attach to?

A

medial meniscus

68
Q

Which collateral ligament attaches to a meniscus?

A

Medial Collateral ligament - attaches to the medial meniscus

69
Q

What is the function of the Lateral Collateral Ligament?

A

Prevent varus force/adduction

70
Q

What are bursae?

A

Fluid-filled sacs that cushion joints

71
Q

Which of the bursae of the knee communicates with the joint cavity?

A

Suprapatellar bursa

72
Q

Which bursa sits deep to the patella?

A

Suprapatellar bursa

73
Q

Which structure sits superficial to the patella to provide cushioning?

A

Prepatellar bursa

74
Q

Which bursae sit inferior to the patella?

A

Infrapatella bursa (superficial & deep)

75
Q

What bones does the tibia articulate with?

A

Femur, talus, fibula

76
Q

What bones does the fibula articulate with?

A

Tibia, talus

77
Q

What joints connect the tibia and fibula?

A

Superior & inferior tibiofibular joints

78
Q

What membrane joins the tibia fibula?

A

Interosseous membrane

79
Q

What is the function of the interosseous membrane between the tibia and fibula?

A

Holds tibia & fibula together, muscle attachment, force transmission, compartment seperation

80
Q

Which ligaments support the posterior tibiofibular ligament?

A

Anterior & posterior tibiofibular ligament

81
Q

How many tarsal bones are there?

A

7

82
Q

How many metatarsals are there?

A

5

83
Q

How many phalanges are there in the foot?

A

14

84
Q

What are the bones in the tarsal group?

A

calcaneous, talus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)

85
Q

Is the cuboid found on the lateral or medial side of the foot?

A

Lateral

86
Q

Is the navicular found on the medial or lateral side of the foot?

A

Medial

87
Q

Which toe is the 1st metatarsal of?

A

Great toe

88
Q

How many phalanges does each toe have?

A

3 on each, 2 on great toe (14 total)

89
Q

What is the alternative name for the ankle joint?

A

Talocrural joint

90
Q

What class is the ankle/talocrural joint?

A

synovial, hinge joint

91
Q

What are the 3 bones involved in the ankle joint?

A

Talus, tibia, fibula

92
Q

What part of the fibula articulates at the ankle joint?

A

lateral malleolus

93
Q

What parts of the tibia articulate at the ankle joint?

A

Distal end AND medial malleolus

94
Q

What part of the talus articulates at the ankle joint?

A

Trochlear surface

95
Q

What movements are possible at the ankle joint?

A

Dorsiflexion (flexion), plantarflexion (extension)

96
Q

What are the bones of the subtalar joint?

A

Talus, calcaneous

97
Q

What movments are possible at the subtalar joint?

A

inversion (adduction) & eversion (inversion)

98
Q

What class is the subtalar joint?

A

Synovial, modified multi-axial

99
Q

What is the function of the medial/deltoid ligament of the ankle?

A

Prevent valgus force/abduction

100
Q

What is the function of the lateral ligament of the ankle?

A

Prevent varus force/adduction

101
Q

What are the 4 types of joint in thre foot?

A

Intertarsal, tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal, interphalangeal

102
Q

What class are intertarsal joints?

A

Plane synovial

103
Q

What class are tarsometatarsal joints?

A

Plane synovial

104
Q

What class are metatarsophalangeal joints?

A

Ellipsoid

105
Q

What class are interphalangeal joints?

A

Hinge

106
Q

What are the 3 arches of the foot?

A

Transverse, medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal

107
Q

What ligaments support the arches of the feet?

A

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament), short plantar ligament, long plantar ligament, plantar aponeurosis

108
Q

What is the name for a presentation of high arches of the feet?

A

Pes cavus

109
Q

What is the name for a presentation of flat arches of the feet?

A

Pes planus

ELM2 - musculoskeletal (28 decks)

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