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ELM2 - musculoskeletal > lecture 3 - lower limb muscles > Flashcards

lecture 3 - lower limb muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 key tissue layers in the lower limb?

A

Skin, superficial fascia (hypodermis), deep fascia, muscle, bone

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2
Q

What is the term for the deep fascia of the thigh?

A

Fascia lata

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3
Q

What is the structure of thickened fascia lata of the thigh?

A

Ilitiobial (IT) band

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4
Q

What are the functions of the fascia lata?

A

Decrease friction, aid venous return, form inter-muscular septum to seperate compartments

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5
Q

What side of the thigh is the iliotibial band (IT band) on?

A

Lateral side

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6
Q

What feature of the femur is on its posterior side?

A

Linea aspera

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7
Q

How can the posterior side of the thigh be identified in prosection by the femur?

A

Direction pointed to by linea aspera of femur

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8
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the thigh?

A

Anterior, posterior, medial

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9
Q

What divides the anterior and posterior compartments of the thigh?

A

lateral inter-muscular septum

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10
Q

What divides the anterior and medial compartments of the thigh?

A

medial intermuscular septum

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11
Q

What is the name for the fascia of the leg (knee to ankle)?

A

Crural fascia

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12
Q

What is the term for thickenings of the deep fascia (crural fascia) in the leg/foot?

A

Retinacula

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13
Q

Where is the extensor retinaculum found?

A

On the dorsum of the leg/ankle

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14
Q

What are the 2 parts of the extensor retinaculum?

A

Superior extensor retinaculum, inferior retinaculum

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15
Q

Where is the fibular retinaculum found?

A

The lateral/fibular side of the ankle

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16
Q

What are the 2 parts of the fibular retinaculum?

A

Superior fibular retinaculum, inferior retinaculum

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17
Q

What is the function of the retinacula of the leg?

A

Hold/stabilise tendons and allow them to glide smoothly

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18
Q

Where is the flexor retinaculum found?

A

The medial side of the ankle

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19
Q

What seperates the tibia and fibula?

A

Interosseous membrane

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20
Q

What seperates the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg?

A

Anterior intermuscular septum

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21
Q

What seperates the anterior and posterior compartments of the leg?

A

The tibia and the interosseous membrane

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22
Q

What seperates the lateral and posterior compartments of the leg?

A

Posterior intermuscular septum

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23
Q

What are the compartments of the leg?

A

Anterior, lateral, posterior

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24
Q

What is compartent syndrome?

A

Increase in pressure within a defined compartment of the limb, demarcated by the fascia

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25
Q

What are the 6 muscle types causing the 6 different types of movement at the hip joint?

A

flexors, extensors, abductors, adductors, medial rotators, lateral rotators

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26
Q

What are the 4 muscle types causing the 4 different movement types at the knee joint?

A

extensors, flexors, medial rotators, lateral rotators

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27
Q

What are the 4 muscle types causing the 4 different movement types at the ankle joint?

A

plantarflexors, dorsiflexors, inverters, everters

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28
Q

What are the 2 muscle types causing the 2 different movement types at the toe joint?

A

flexors, extensors

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29
Q

What is the term for foot joint extension?

A

Plantarflexion

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30
Q

What is the term for foot joint flexion?

A

Dorsiflexion

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31
Q

What are the 2 primary hip flexors?

A

Psoas major, iliacus (iliopsoas)

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32
Q

What muscles make up iliopsoas?

A

Psoas major, iliacus

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33
Q

What muscle is found on the anterior surface of psoas major if present?

A

psoas minor

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34
Q

What muscles are involved in hip flexion?

A

Iliopsoas (psoas major + iliacus), psoas minor (if present), pectineous, sartorius, rectus femoris, tensor fascia latae (TFL)

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35
Q

What is the term for a muscle’s proximal attachment?

A

Origin

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36
Q

What is the term for a muscle’s distal attachment?

A

insertion

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37
Q

What is the origin of Psoas major?

A

T12-L5 vertebrae

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38
Q

What is the insertion of psoas major?

A

Lesser trochanter

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39
Q

What is the origin of iliacus?

A

iliac fossa

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40
Q

What is the insertion of iliacus?

A

Lesser trochanter

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41
Q

What ligament does illiopsoas pass underneath?

A

Inguinal ligament

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42
Q

What is the origin of tensor fascia latae (TFL)?

A

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)

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43
Q

What is the insertion of tensor fasciae latae (TFL)?

A

The superficial and deep fascia - IT band

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44
Q

What is the origin of sartorius?

A

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

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45
Q

What is the insertion of sartorius?

A

Proximal tibia - tibial tuberosity medial

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46
Q

What is the origin of pectineous?

A

Pectineal line of pubic bone

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47
Q

What is the insertion of pectineous?

A

Pectineal line on posterior surface of femur, just distal to the lesser trochanter

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48
Q

What is the origin of psoas minor?

A

T12 and L1 vertebrae

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49
Q

What is the insertion of psoas minor?

A

Pectineal line of pubis and iliopubic eminence

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50
Q

What is the most superfical hip flexor?

A

Sartorius

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51
Q

Which muscle of the quadriceps femoris is invovled in hip flexion?

A

rectus femoris

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52
Q

What is the primary extensor of the hip?

A

gluteus maximus

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53
Q

What are the hip extensors?

A

gluteus maximus, hamstrings (semimembranosus, semitendonosus, biceps femoris),

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54
Q

What muscles make up the hamstrings?

A

semimembranosus, semitendonosus, biceps femoris,

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55
Q

What is the origin of gluteus maximus?

A

gluteal surface of ilium, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament

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56
Q

What is the insertion of the gluteus maximus?

A

Gluteal tuberosity of femur, IT band

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57
Q

What is the origin of all hamstrings except the short head of the biceps femoris?

A

Ischial tuberosity

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58
Q

What is the origin of semitendonosus?

A

Ischial tuberosity

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59
Q

What is the origin of semimembranosus?

A

Ischial tuberosity

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60
Q

What is the origin of biceps femoris long head?

A

ischial tuberosity

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61
Q

What is the origin of biceps femoris short head?

A

Linea aspera

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62
Q

What is the insertion of semitendonosus?

A

Medial tibial condyle

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63
Q

What is the insertion of semimembranosus?

A

Medial tibial condyle

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64
Q

What is the insertion of biceps femoris?

A

Head of fibula

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65
Q

What order are the hamstrings (medial to lateral)?

A

semimembranosus, semitendonosus, biceps femoris long head, biceps femoris short head

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66
Q

What compartment are the hamstrings within?

A

Posterior compartment of the thigh

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67
Q

What are the hip abductors?

A

gluteus medius, gluteus minimus

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68
Q

What is the origin of gluteus medius?

A

Gluteal surface of ilium

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69
Q

What is the origin of gluteus minimus?

A

Gluteal surface of ilium

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70
Q

What is the insertion of gluteus medius?

A

Greater trochanter

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71
Q

What is the insertion of gluteus minimus?

A

Greater trochanter

72
Q

What is Trendelenburg’s Sign?

A

A drop in one side of the pelvis due to weakness in the opposite side hip abductors

73
Q

Which muscles are weak causing Trendelenburg’s sign?

A

Hip abductors - gluteus medius & gluteus minimus

74
Q

What are the hip adductors?

A

Pectinous, Adductor longus, Adductor Brevis, Adductor Magnus, Gracilis

75
Q

What compartment of the thigh are the hip adductors found in?

A

Medial compartment

76
Q

What is the order of the hip adductors (lateral to medial)?

A

Pectineous, Adductor Brevis, Adductor longus, Adductor magnus, gracilis

77
Q

What are the functions of pectineous?

A

Hip flexion & adduction

78
Q

What is the origin of adductor longus?

A

Pubic bone under pubic tubercle

79
Q

What is the insertion of adductor longus?

A

Medial ridge of linea aspera

80
Q

What is the origin of adductor brevis?

A

Inferior pubic ramus

81
Q

What is the insertion of adductor brevis?

A

medial ridge of linea aspera

82
Q

What is the origin of adductor magnus?

A

Inferior pubic ramus & ischial tuberosity

83
Q

What is the insertion of adductor magnus?

A

Medial ridge of the linea aspera, and adductor tubercle of femur

84
Q

What is the origin of gracilis?

A

inferior pubic ramus

85
Q

What is the insertion of gracilis?

A

Pes anserinus region of tibia

86
Q

What is the location of the adductor hiatus?

A

Gap between the adductor magnus and femur

87
Q

What is the function of the adductor hiatus?

A

Allows femoral vessels to pass from the anterior of the thigh to the posterior

88
Q

What are the lateral/external rotators of the hip?

A

Piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externis, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, quadratus femoris

89
Q

What is the location of the hip lateral rotators?

A

The gluteal region (posterior hip)

90
Q

What is the origin of piriformis?

A

anterior surface of sacrum

91
Q

What is the insertion of piriformis?

A

Greater trochanter

92
Q

What is the origin of obturator internus?

A

Medial surface of obturator membrane

93
Q

What is the insertion of obturator internus?

A

Greater trochanter

94
Q

What is the origin of obturator externus?

A

Obturator membrane & ischiopubic ramus

95
Q

What is the insertion of obturator externus?

A

trochanteric fossa (neck of femur)

96
Q

What is the origin of gemellus superior?

A

ischial spine

97
Q

What is the insertion of gemellus superior?

A

Greater trochanter

98
Q

What is the origin of gemellus inferior?

A

Just above Ischial tuberosity

99
Q

What is the insertion of gemellus inferior?

A

Greater trochanter

100
Q

What is the origin of quadratus femoris?

A

Ishial tuberosity

101
Q

What is the insertion of quadratus femoris?

A

Intertrochanteric crest

102
Q

What bone are the lateral hip rotators inserted onto?

A

Proximal demur - greater trochanter, intertrochanteric crest

103
Q

What are the medial/internal rotators of the hip?

A

Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus (assistance by most adductors)

104
Q

What is the order of the lateral hip rotators (superior to inferior)?

A

Piriformis, gemellus superior, obturator internus, obturator externus, gemellus inferior, quadratus femoris

105
Q

What are the knee extensors?

A

Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis)

106
Q

What are the muscles of the quadriceps femoris?

A

rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis

107
Q

What is the origin of rectus femoris?

A

Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine, Supraacetabular groove (ischium)

108
Q

What is the insertion of rectus femoris?

A

Tibial tuberosity, patella

109
Q

What is the origin of vastus medialis?

A

Intertrochanteric line (femur), linea aspera

110
Q

What is the insertion of vastus medialis?

A

Tibial tuberosity, patella

111
Q

What is the origin of vastus intermedius?

A

Anterior surface of femur

112
Q

What is the insertion of vastus intermedius?

A

Tibial tuberosity, patella

113
Q

What is the origin of vastus lateralis?

A

Intertrochanteric line, greater trochanter

114
Q

What is the insertion of vastus lateralis?

A

Tibial tuberosity, patella

115
Q

What compartment are the quadricps found in?

A

Anterior compartment of the thigh

116
Q

What is the muscle deep to rectus femoris?

A

Vastus intermedius

117
Q

How do the quadriceps insert into the tibia?

A

Via the patella ligament

118
Q

What attaches the quadriceps to the patella?

A

Quadriceps femoris tendon

119
Q

What is the function of the quadriceps femoris tendon?

A

Attach the quadriceps to the patella

120
Q

What part of the quadriceps stabilises the patella to prevent lateral dislocation?

A

Vastus medialis oblique (VMO) - part of vastus medialis

121
Q

What muscle is found in the anterior compartment of the thigh but is not part of the quadriceps?

122
Q

What are the knee flexors?

A

Hamstrings (semimembranosus, semitendonosus, biceps femoris)

123
Q

What is Pes-Anserinous?

A

An area just inferior to the medial tibial condyle where several thigh muscles attach

124
Q

What muscles attach at Pes-Anserinous?

A

Sartorius, Gracilis, Semitendonosus

125
Q

What is the order of muscles attaching to Pes-Anserinous (anterior to posterior on condyle)?

A

Sartorius, Gracilis, Semitendonosus (Say Grace before Tea)

126
Q

What are the lateral rotators of the knee?

A

Biceps femoris (of the hamstrings)

127
Q

What are the medial rotators of the knee?

A

Semitendonosus & semimembranosus (of the hamstrings)

128
Q

In what position will the knee facilitate rotation?

129
Q

What are the ankle dorsiflexors?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus,

130
Q

What muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis tertius

131
Q

What is origin of tibialis anterior?

A

Upper half of lateral tibia

132
Q

What is the insertion of tibialis anterior?

A

Medial cuneiform, 1st metatarsal

133
Q

What is the origin of extensor hallucis longus?

A

Middle of fibula

134
Q

What is the insertion of extensor hallucis longus?

A

Hallux (big toe)

135
Q

What is the origin of extensor digitorum longus?

A

Lateral condyle of tibia

136
Q

What is the insertion of extensor digitorum longus?

A

Phalanges of 4 digits

137
Q

What are the ankle plantaflexors?

A

gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior

138
Q

What are the superficial ankle plantarflexors?

A

triceps surae (gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris (if present))

139
Q

What are the deep ankle plantarflexors?

A

Flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior

140
Q

What are the muscles of triceps surae?

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris

141
Q

What is the location of triceps surae?

A

Posterior compartment of the leg

142
Q

What is the origin of gastrocnemius?

A

Heads on lateral & medial condyles of the femur

143
Q

what is the insertion of gastrocnemius?

A

Calcaneous (via Achilles/Calcaneal) tendon

144
Q

What is the origin of soleus?

A

Fibula, tibia

145
Q

What is the insertion of soleus?

A

Calcaneus via Achilles tendon

146
Q

What is the origin of plantaris?

A

Supracondylar ridge of femur

147
Q

What is the insertion of plantaris?

A

Calcaneous

148
Q

What are the actions of flexor hallucis longus?

A

Hallux flexion, plantatflexion

149
Q

What is the origin of flexor hallucis longus?

A

Posterior fibula

150
Q

What is the insertion of flexor hallucis longus?

A

Plantar surface of hallux (great toe)

151
Q

What are the actions of flexor digitorum longus?

A

Plantarflexion, flexion of the 4 small digits of the foot

152
Q

What is the origin of tibialis posterior?

A

Tibia and fibula

153
Q

What is the insertion of tibialis posterior?

A

Tarsals (navicular & medial cuneiform)

154
Q

What muscle is in the deep posterior leg but is not a plantaflexor?

155
Q

What is the action of popliteus?

A

Stabilisation and rotation of the knee - lateral rotation of the femur, medial rotation of the tibia

156
Q

What is the origin of popliteus?

A

Lateral femoral epicondyle

157
Q

What is the insertion of popliteus?

A

Posterior surface of proximal tibia

158
Q

What are the subtalar joint invertors?

A

Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior

159
Q

What tendons are involved in subtalar inversion?

A

Tibialis anterior tendon, Tibilias posterior tendon

160
Q

What are the subtalar joint evertors?

A

Fibularis longus, Fibularis brevis

161
Q

In what compartment are the subtalar evertors found?

A

Lateral compartment

162
Q

What is the origin of fibularis longus?

A

proximal fibula

163
Q

What is the insertion of fibularis brevis?

A

First metatarsal, medial cuneiform

164
Q

What is the origin of fibularis brevis?

A

Lower 2/3s of lateral fibula

165
Q

What is the insertion of fibularis brevis?

A

Fifth metatarsal

166
Q

What are the key toe flexors?

A

Leg muscles: flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, Intrinsic sole muscles: Flexor hallucis brevis, Flexor digitorum brevis

167
Q

What leg muscles are invovled in toe flexion?

A

Flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus

168
Q

What intrinsic muscles in the sole of the foot are involved in toe flexion (2)?

A

Flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum brevis

169
Q

What are the key toe extensors?

A

leg muscles: extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, intrinsic foot dorsum muscle: extensor digitorum brevis

170
Q

What muscles of the leg are involved in toe extension?

A

Extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus

171
Q

What intrinsic muscle of the dorsum of the foot is involved in toe extension?

A

Extensor digitorum brevis

172
Q

What modification of the deep plantar fascia covers the muscles in the sole of the foot?

A

Plantar aponeurosis

173
Q

Where is the plantar aponeurosis anchored to?

A

the calcaneal tuberosity

174
Q

What are the functions of the plantar aponeurosis?

A

protect deep structures in sole of foot, support longitudinal arch, stabilise skin, maintain foot shape

175
Q

What is plantar fasciitis

A

Inflammation of the plantar fascia at the calcaneus due to prolonged standing or running

ELM2 - musculoskeletal (28 decks)

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