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BIO 222 > lecture 6 > Flashcards

lecture 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what tissue is the primary plant body made up of?

A

ground tissue

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2
Q

what does the ground tissue system consist of?

A

parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

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3
Q

where is the ground tissue found in the plant body?

A

the space between the epidermis and vasculature:
- cortex and pith in stems
- mesophyll in leaves
- cortex (and pith in monocots) in roots

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4
Q

what is the cortex?

A

region of primary ground tissue of a stem or root inside the epidermis, outside the vascular tissue

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5
Q

what is the pith?

A

region of primary ground tissue in the centre of a stem or root, within the vascular tissue

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6
Q

what is the mesophyll?

A

the ground tissue of a leaf, between the upper and lower epidermis and interspersed with the vascular bundles

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7
Q

when determining cell type, what would you look for?

A
  1. cell wall: primary, secondary wall, uniformity of thickness, pit patterns
  2. cells shape: isodiametric, polyhedral, elongated, branched, etc.
  3. status at maturity: dead or living
  4. cytoplasm: dense or vacuolated
  5. distribution throughout the plant: some types of cells are only found in one tissue (specialists), while others are found in many tissues (generalists)
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8
Q

how would you determine a parenchyma cell?

A
  1. cell wall: usually primary only, uniformly thick
  2. cell shape: relatively simple, isodiametric shape, intercellular air spaces
  3. status at maturity: living
  4. cytoplasm: can be dense or vacuolated depending on function (often highly vacuolated)
  5. distribution throughout the plant: found all over the plant (in both ground and vascular tissues)
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9
Q

what are the characteristics of parenchyma cells?

A
  • most abundant and versatile cell type in plants
  • everywhere in plant body
  • relatively unspecialized
  • often capable of de-differentiating and then re-differentiating into a new cell type (totipotent)
  • often loosely packed with many intercellular air spaces
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10
Q

what is the function of storage parenchyma?

A

storage (accumulates starch, protein, water, oil, tannins, or crystals)

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11
Q

what is the function of secretory parenchyma?

A

secretion, often surrounding a duct within the tissue

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12
Q

what is the function of chlorenchyma and leaf mesophyll?

A

photosynthesis (have many chloroplasts)

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13
Q

what is the function of aerenchyma?

A

gas exchange

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14
Q

how would you determine a collenchyma cell?

A
  1. cell wall: primary only, non-uniformly thick
  2. cell shape: elongated with overlapping end walls, rounded in cross-section
  3. status at maturity: living
  4. cytoplasm: vacuolated
  5. distribution throughout plant: found in peripheral regions of stem and leaf (just beneath epidermis). often found external to a vascular bundle
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15
Q

what are the functions of collenchyma?

A
  • protects vasculature (conducting cells)
  • provides strength to developing organs (for herbaceous plants)
  • flexible support
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16
Q

what is a petiole?

A

a leaf stalk that houses vascular tissue connecting the stem to the leaf blade

17
Q

what is the midrib?

A

large vein in the middle of the leaf blade

18
Q

how would you determine a sclerenchyma cell?

A
  1. cell wall: secondary cell wall, varied thickening patterns based on type, can be very thick, many pits
  2. cell shape: highly variable
  3. status at maturity: usually dead
  4. cytoplasm: not present, or if living, vacuolated
  5. distribution throughout plant: found throughout the plant in the ground and vascular systems, usually in cortex and pith of stem, and amidst mesophyll of leaves (not often in roots)
19
Q

what are the characteristics of sclerenchyma fibres?

A
  • long and narrow with pointy end walls that overlap
  • often associated with delicate tissues such as phloem for protection
  • rigid support, often present in stem cortex
  • angular shape in cross-section
  • dead at maturity
  • more than one layer of secondary cell walls
20
Q

what are the characteristics of sclerenchyma sclereids?

A
  • lots of shapes
  • found in groups or alone
  • provides support and protection
  • more pits than fibres
21
Q

what is a bundle sheath?

A

thick-walled ring of sclerenchyma fibres that encircle a vascular bundle

22
Q

what is a phloem (or bundle) cap?

A

thick-walled (phloem) fibres on top of the vascular bundles (in the stem)

23
Q

what are some examples of sclereids?

A
  • pear fruit
  • seed coat
  • aquatic leaves

BIO 222 (33 decks)

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