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BIO 222 > Lab Terms > Flashcards

Lab Terms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

anatomy

A

the study of the internal structure of an organism

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2
Q

morphology

A

the study of the external form of an organism

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3
Q

axillary (lateral) bud

A

a bud (a short stem with a shoot apical meristem and small leaves) produced by an axillary meristem in the axil of a leaf; can grow into a branch

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4
Q

axillary meristem

A

a mass of undifferentiated cells capable of undergoing mitosis; found on a stem in the axil of the leaf where it attaches to the stem

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5
Q

cotyledon

A

part of a plant embryo within a seed; a seed leaf, swollen with food absorbed from the endosperm to provide nutrition to the embryo during germination ; may be pulled by the germinated seedling above the soil and become photosynthetic

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6
Q

internode

A

the region of a plant stem between two adjacent nodes

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7
Q

leaf blade (lamina)

A

the thin, flat part of a leaf

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8
Q

midrib

A

the large, central vein of a leafnode\

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9
Q

node

A

the region of a plant stem where leaves attach

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10
Q

petiole

A

part of a leaf; the stalk which attaches the leaf blade to the stem at a node

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11
Q

shoot apex (terminal bud)

A

the bud at the top of a stem; consists of the shoot apical meristem and small primordial leaves around the tip of the stem where the internodes are not yet elongated

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12
Q

shoot apical meristem (SAM)

A

a small mass of undifferentiated cells capable of rapid cell division to produce new cells for the primary growth of the stem; found at the tip of each shoot

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13
Q

trichome

A

a unicellular or multicellular outgrowth of the epidermis on the aerial parts of the plant, (stems, leaves, or flowers); can be unbranched or branched, and have a variety of shapes; can have many functions, often involved with protection of the plant - discourage herbivores, prevent frost from getting at the epidermis, reduce wind flow to reduce transpirational water loss, shade the plant in very hot dry climates, etc. Some secrete chemicals for a variety of functions

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14
Q

primary root

A

the root which develops from the radicle of the embryo within the seed

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15
Q

root apical meristem (RAM)

A

a small mass of undifferentiated cells capable of rapid cell division to produce new cells for the primary growth of the root; found at the tip of each root just above the protective root cap

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16
Q

root cap

A

a sheath of parenchyma cells produced by the root apical meristem to protect the RAM from abrasion as the root grows through the soil; the oldest cells are continually sloughed off and replaced by new cells from the RAM

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17
Q

secondary (lateral) root

A

root that branches from the primary root or other secondary roots; produced from lateral root primordia at the pericycle layer of the root’s stele

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18
Q

tap root system

A

the roots of a plant where there is a persistent, well developed primary root; typical of eudicot plants

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19
Q

trichoblast (root hair)

A

lateral extension of and an epidermal cell on a root; it increases surface area for the absorption of water and nutrients

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20
Q

cladode

A

flattened, photosynthetic stems, such as those of some cacti; in cacti, these stems also function in water storage

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21
Q

corm

A

a short underground stem specialized for food storage (starch), which is enclosed by papery leaves

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22
Q

rhizome

A
  • a horizontal stem which is underground
  • has axillary buds at nodes and often produces adventitious roots along its length
  • functions in asexual reproduction
  • helps the plant survive extreme heat, cold, or dryness when the aerial portions of the plant die
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23
Q

runner (stolon)

A

an aboveground, horizontal stem that functions in asexual reproduction

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24
Q

tendril

A

a stem modified to twine around other plants or objects to help support the plant

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25
Q

thorn

A

a short, sharp stem for protection from herbivores

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26
Q

tuber

A

the tip of a rhizome, swollen with carbohydrates that functions in food storage and asexual reproduction

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27
Q

cell wall

A

a thick, rigid coat formed outside of the plasma membrane of a plant cell that is composed mainly of cellulose and provides support to the cell and the plant

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28
Q

central vacuole

A

a large organelle within a mature plant cell that consists of cell sap within the tonoplast

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29
Q

tonoplast

A

the membrane that forms the outer boundary of the central vacuole of a plant cell

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30
Q

chloroplast

A

an organelle (plastid) within a plant cell which contains pigments such as chlorophyll and is responsible for photosynthesis

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31
Q

dermal tissue system

A

a layer of protective tissue which covers the entire surface of the plant ; consists of the epidermis, trichomes, and trichoblasts and is produced by the protoderm. Functions to protect from water loss via a secreted cuticle. Epidermal cells can also be specialized to facilitate gas exchange, for chemical signaling, or water absorption

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32
Q

epidermis

A

the outermost cell layer of a plant; composed of pavement epidermal cells and guard cells in leaves and stem, typically one cell thick and functions mainly in prevention of water loss

33
Q

trichome

A

a unicellular or multicellular outgrowth of the epidermis on stems, leaves, or flowers; can function in the protection of the plant by discouraging herbivores, protecting the plant from extreme temps, secreting materials to the plant surface, etc

34
Q

vascular tissue system

A

the cells and tissues associated with transport within the plant body; consists of xylem and phloem tissue and is produced by the procambium

35
Q

bundle sheath

A

a layer or layers of cells enclosing a vascular bundle, consisting of parenchyma cells or sclerenchyma fibers or layers of both

36
Q

vascular bundle

A

a strand of primary phloem and primary xylem often enclosed by a bundle sheath

37
Q

xylem

A

tissue consisting of vessel elements and/or tracheids, xylem parenchyma, and xylem fibres; when mature and functional, the tracheary elements are dead with thick, lignified secondary walls and function in the transport of water and dissolved minerals within the plant body

38
Q

protoxylem

A

the first primary xylem cells produced in plant tissue; often matured before the plant rapidly elongates and are sometimes damaged as a result

39
Q

protoxylem lacuna (cavity)

A

a cavity formed in the area of the protoxylem, where the cells have been stretched and damaged by the elongation of the plant, leaving a cavity protoxylem cells used to be

39
Q

metaxylem

A

the primary xylem cells that are produced after the protoxylem when that part of the plant is no longer elongating

40
Q

tracheid

A

a long, slender, tapered xylem cell with a thick, lignified secondary wall; smaller diameter than vessel elements and often more angular; water is transported through the lumen of the dead cell

41
Q

vessel element

A

a long, round xylem cell with a thick, lignified secondary wall and usually a fairly large diameter; joined end to end to form a vessel; water is transported through the lumen of the dead cell

42
Q

xylem fiber

A

sclerenchyma fibers associated with the tracheary elements of xylem and are part of the vascular tissue system

43
Q

xylem parenchyma

A

parenchyma cells associated with the tracheary elements of xylem and are part of the vascular tissue system

44
Q

primary cell wall

A

a thick, rigid coat (mainly cellulose) formed outside of the plasma membrane of a plant cell; provides support to the cell and the plant

45
Q

secondary cell wall

A

a cell wall laid down to the inside of the primary cell wall; often very thick and impregnated with lignin; functions in support

46
Q

lignin

A

a complex, non-carbohydrate polymer which impregnates the cellulose of the secondary well; forms an impermeable layer

47
Q

phloem

A

tissue consisting of sieve tube elements and companion cells; the cells are alive and thin-walled; function in transport of sugars and hormones

48
Q

sieve tube element

A

an elongated, living phloem cell with no nucleus, ribosomes, or vacuoles at maturity, thus dependent on adjacent companion cells for proper functioning; multiple sieve tube elements are joined together, end to end, by sieve plates to form a sieve tube; transports sugar and hormones

49
Q

companion cell

A

a specialized, elongate, nucleated phloem cell that is associated with (adjacent to) a sieve tube element; helps control the functioning of the sieve tube element

50
Q

phloem fiber

A

sclerenchyma fibers associated with the specialized cell types of phloem and are part of the vascular tissue system

51
Q

phloem parenchyma

A

parenchyma cells associated with the specialized cell types (sieve tube elements, companion cells) of phloem, and are part of the vascular tissue system

52
Q

vascular cambium

A

a lateral meristem; a cylinder of meristematic cells around a stem or root between the primary phloem and primary xylem which will produce secondary vascular tissue (secondary phloem to the outside and secondary xylem to the inside)

53
Q

ground tissue system

A

all tissues of the primary plant body that are not part of the dermal or vascular tissue systems; produced by the ground meristem and functions in photosynthesis, support, and storage for the plant

54
Q

parenchyma

A

tissue consisting of relatively unspecialized living cells with thin walls, often loosely packed with intercellular spaces; function in storage and support

55
Q

intercellular spaces

A

spaces between cells, most often found within photosynthetic tissue to facilitate gas exchange for the uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis

56
Q

collenchyma

A

tissue composed of living cells with unevenly thickened primary cell walls; function in support where flexibility is important

57
Q

sclerenchyma

A

tissue composed of cells with thick secondary walls impregnated with lignin, usually dead at maturity; function in support (can be part of the GTS or the VTS)

58
Q

sclerenchyma fiber

A

an elongated, tapered sclerenchyma cell, usually with a thick secondary cell wall and dead at maturity; function is supportive or protective

59
Q

sclereid

A

a thick-walled sclerenchyma cell with many pits; variable in form, often branched, but usually not elongated; they make up seed coats, nut shells, and the stones of fruit

60
Q

cortex

A

the region of primary ground tissue of a stem or root located interior to the epidermis and external to the vascular tissue; can be parenchyma or layers of collenchyma, sclerenchyma, or parenchyma in any combination

61
Q

pith

A

the region of primary ground tissue in the centre of a root or stem within the vascular cylinder; usually parenchyma, but can be sclerenchyma

62
Q

cuticle

A

a thin, non-cellular layer secreted by the epidermis to prevent water loss from the plant body; composed of cutin, a waxy, water-repellant substance

63
Q

pavement epidermal cell

A

an unspecialized cell of the dermal tissue system which closely interlocks with other epidermal cells to form a protective sheet of cells - the epidermis; secretes the cuticle to form a waxy, water-impervious protective layer on the outside

64
Q

stoma (plural: stomata)

A

an opening in the epidermis, usually for a leaf, between two guard cells; allows CO2 to be absorbed for photosynthesis and transpiration to occur

65
Q

guard cell

A

a cell of the dermal tissue system which works with a second guard cell to surround and control the opening and closing of a stoma to facilitate CO2 uptake and limit water loss

66
Q

stomatal complex

A

refers to the pair of guard cells and the stoma they surround

67
Q

non-secretory trichome

A

a unicellular or multicellular outgrowth of the epidermis on stems, leaves, or flowers; does not secrete chemicals but can protect the plant by discouraging herbivores, shading the plant and reducing water loss

68
Q

secretory trichome

A

usually a multicellular outgrowth of the epidermis on leaves, stems, or flowers; secretes chemicals for a number of functions

69
Q

dermal tissue system of coleus

A

epidermis, non-secretory trichomes, secretory trichomes

70
Q

ground tissue system of coleus

A

cortex: consists of an outer layer of collenchyma (thicker in the corners of the stem) and an inner layer of parenchyma, both of which lie external to the vascular cambium
pith: consists entirely of parenchyma and lies internal to the vascular cambium

71
Q

vascular tissue system of coleus

A

four large vascular bundles (one in each corner of the square stem) with some smaller vascular bundles along the sides; each bundle consists of primary phloem to the outside and primary xylem to the inside; the vascular bundles are joined by a thin layer, the vascular cambium

72
Q

dermal tissue system of zea

A

epidermis, few or no trichomes

73
Q

ground tissue system of zea

A

a thin layer of schlerenchyma next to the epidermis and a large area of parenchyma interspersed with vascular bundles (no cortex nor pith)

74
Q

vascular tissue system of zea

A

vascular bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue of the stem; each “face” vascular bundle consists of primary phloem and primary xylem (with distinct areas of protoxylem and metaxylem) enclosed by a bundle sheath of schlerenchyma fibres; both tracheids and vessel elements present

75
Q

angiosperm

A

flowering plants; a group of plants whose seeds are borne within a fruit (mature ripened ovary)

76
Q

eudicotyledons

A

a subgroup of angiosperms where the plants have two cotyledons within their seeds; about 200 000 species

77
Q

monocotyledons

A

a subgroup of angiosperms where the plants have one cotyledon within their seeds; about 60 000 species

BIO 222 (33 decks)

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