lab 7 terms Flashcards
flower
the modified shoot of a plant which produces the reproductive structures
sepal
a floral organ which, with other sepals, forms the outermost whorl of modified leaves of a flower; collectively form the calyx; typically leaf-like and green
petal
a floral organ which, with other petals, forms the second whorl of modified leaves of a flower; often brightly coloured to attract pollinators
corolla
all of the petals of a flower
perianth
all of the sepals and petals of a flower
stamen
male reproductive organ of a flower; a modified leaf that consists of an anther and filament and produces the microsporangia
anther
part of the stamen which produces the microsporangia and produces microspores, each of which divide by mitosis to form a male gametophyte, a pollen grain
filament
the part of a stamen which is a stalk that supports an anther
androecium
all of the stamens of a flower, the third whorl of modified leaves of a flower
carpel
female reproductive organ of a flower; a modified leaf that consists of a stigma, style, and ovary which produces the megasporangia; if not fused to other carpels it is a simple pistil
pistil
female reproductive organ of a flower; consists of a stigma, style, and ovary; can be a simple pistil (one carpel) or a compound pistil (formed from the fusion of two or more carpels)
stigma
the tip of a pistil that receives the pollen
style
the stalk of a pistil that elevates the stigma
ovary
the base of a pistil that encloses the ovules
gynoecium
the pistil or all of the pistils of a flower, the fourth whorl of modified leaves of a flower
receptacle
the expanded tip of a flower stalk (pedicel or penduncle) to which the floral organs (sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils) attach
pedicel
a flower stalk which bears a flower that is part of an inflorescence
peduncle
a flower stalk that bears an inflorescence or a solitary flower
fruit
the fertilized, mature ovary of a pistil; contains seeds which mature from ovules
hypogynous
a flower where the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to the receptacle below the attachment point of the ovary (or pistil)
epigynous
a flower where the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached above the ovary; the lower parts of the floral organs (except the ovary) are fused to form a floral tube, the hypanthium, which is fused to the ovary wall
perigynous
a flower where the lower parts of the sepals, petals, and stamens are fused to form a cup-shaped hypanthium that fuses to the receptacle
superior ovary
an ovary where the sepals, petals, and stamens attach below the ovary
inferior ovary
an ovary where the sepals, petals, and stamens attach above the ovary
hypanthium
a floral tube formed by the fusion of the bases of the sepals, petals, and stamens
bisexual flower
a flower that has both stamens and pistil(s), also known as a perfect flower
unisexual flower
a flower that has either stamens or pistil(s), also known as an imperfect flower
monoecious
a plant with unisexual flowers where there are male and female flowers on the same plant
dioecious
a plant with unisexual flowers where male and female flowers are on different plants
determinate inflorescence
an inflorescence where the terminal bud differentiates into a flower and is the first to open in the inflorescence; flowers tip to base (the oldest flower is at the apex, the youngest flowers are at the base of the inflorescence)
indeterminate inflorescence
an inflorescence where the flowers at the base of the inflorescence bloom first and the younger flowers are closest to the apex; flowers base to tip of the inflorescence)
simple fruit
a fruit that develops from a flower with one pistil
aggregate fruit
a fruit that develops from a flower with more than one pistil
multiple fruit
a fruit that develops from more than one flower
accessory fruit
a fruit that develops from non-ovary tissue (e.g. receptacle, hypanthium)
fleshy fruit
a fruit that has a fleshy pericarp when mature
dry fruit
a fruit that has a dry pericarp when matured
dehiscent fruit
a fruit that opens to release its seeds when mature
indehiscent fruit
a fruit that does not open at maturity
ovary wall
the fleshy cell layers outside of the locules of the ovary in a flower; encloses the ovules
pericarp
the mature ovary wall of a fruit, may be fleshy or dry at maturity
locule
the cavity or cavities found within an ovary or a fruit; typically the number of cavities present indicates the number of carpels which formed the pistil
ovule
a reproductive structure within the ovary of a pistil; produces the megasporangium, the megaspore, the female gametophyte, and the egg - it is the site of fertilization
seed
a fertilized, matured ovule containing the embryonic sporophyte within a fruit; the ovules mature into seeds as the ovary matures into a fruit
placenta
nutritive tissue to which the ovules and, eventually, the seeds attach within the ovary or fruit
funiculus
the stalk that attaches an ovule or seed to the placenta
raceme
a type of inflorescence which is unbranched and indeterminate; the flowers have short pedicels
bilaterally symmetrical
the condition where an organism or organ can be divided in half in only one plane to give mirror images
standard
the largest petal of the sweet pea flower; also known as the banner
wing
one of two small lateral petals of the sweet pea flower
keel
a pair of petals of the sweet pea flower which are partially fused to each other to form a “boat” that holds the stamens and pistil
staminal sheath
a tube formed by the fusion or the partial fusion of the filaments of the stamens; typically surrounds the pistil or part of the pistil; in the sweet pea flower, there is one free stamen and the filaments of the other nine stamens have their lower halves fused, forming a tight staminal sheath around the ovary - this sheath has a seam along its length to allow it to open as the pistil grows
legume (pod)
a dry, dehiscent simple fruit formed from one carpel; opens along two seams
hip
an aggregate accessory fruit consisting of an enlarged, fleshy hypanthium enclosing numerous small, dry simple fruits (achenes)
achene
a simple, fry, indehiscent fruit with one seed; the seed is attached to the fruit at one point only
cyme
a type of determinate inflorescence; flowers tip to base of the inflorescence
berry
a simple, fleshy fruit
capitulum (head)
a large disk-shaped inflorescence with sessile flowers with the youngest flowers at the centre; supported by a large compound receptacle
involucral bract
a group of modified leaves clustered around the base of an inflorescence; to cover and protect as the inflorescence develops
ray flower (ligulate flower)
an infertile flower found at the periphery of a capitulum; its five petals are fused into a long, very conspicuous strap-shaped corolla to attract pollinators to the inflorescence
disk flower (tubular flower)
a fertile flower of a capitulum; each flower produces one simple fruit, an achene
pappus
highly modified sepals of the ray and disk flowers; attached to the top of the ovary
corolla tube
five petals of the disk flower are fused into a tube which surrounds the pistil and stamens
nectary
a glandular structure within a flower which secretes sugary nectar to attract pollinators; in blanket flower, nectary tissue is located around the base of the style, surrounded by the base of the corolla tube
spike
an unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence which bears sessile (stalkless) flowers; seen in wheat
panicle
a branches and indeterminate inflorescence; essentially a compound (or branched) raceme; seen in oats
spikelet
the unit of inflorescence of a grass (one of the flower clusters), consisting of two or more florets and their associated bracts, the glumes
floret
a unit within a spikelet that consists of a flower enclosed by two bracts, the palea and lemma
glume
a bract which acts in pairs to enclose one or more florets; part of a spikelet
palea
a bract which acts with a larger bract, the lemma, to enclose a flower; part of a floret
lemma
a bract which acts with a smaller bract, the palea, to enclose a flower; part of a floret
caryopsis
a simple, indehiscent fruit with one seed; the pericarp is fused to the seed coat
catkin (ament)
an inflorescence that is unbranched and indeterminate and bears sessile (stalkless) flowers similar to a spike except that each flower is associated with a bract large enough to mostly conceal the flower
bract
a modified leaf associated with a flower; in willow the bracts are coated with many long trichomes
capsule
a dry, dehiscent fruit produced by two or more carpels which, in the willow, will open to release a huge number of tiny seeds, each with several long trichomes for dispersal
umbel
an inflorescence where flowers with short pedicels are produced from a single point; often flat-topped but can be spherical; can be simple or compound
samara
a one- or two-seeded simple fruit with the pericarp bearing a wing like outgrowth; a modified achene
nut
a hard, one-seeded simple fruit, generally formed from a compound ovary, with the pericarp hard throughout
drupe
a simple fleshy fruit formed from a single carpel and containing (usually) one seed
pepo
a simple fleshy fruit; a berry with a hard rind
hesperidium
a simple fleshy fruit; a berry with oily rind and juice-filled hairs in the locules
