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BIO 222 > lab 8 terms > Flashcards

lab 8 terms Flashcards

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1
Q

gametophyte

A

the multicellular haploid generation of the plant life cycle

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2
Q

haploid

A

having only one set of chromosomes; the 1n chromosome number is characteristic of the gametophyte generation

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3
Q

sporophyte

A

the multicellular diploid generation of the plant life cycle

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4
Q

diploid

A

having two sets of chromosomes; the 2n chromosome number is characteristic of the sporophyte generation

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5
Q

gamete

A

the reproductive cell that must fuse with another gamete to continue the life cycle; the female gamete is the egg and the male gamete is the sperm; when sperm and egg fuse, the zygote produced will grow into the sporophyte

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6
Q

spore

A

a reproductive cell that grows to produce the gametophyte (does not fuse with another reproductive cell)

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7
Q

mitosis

A

division of the nucleus which produces genetically-identical nuclei, typically accompanied by cytokinesis

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8
Q

meiosis

A

special type of division that cuts the chromosome number in half; a diploid cell divides by meiosis to produce haploid cells

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9
Q

zygote

A

a diploid cell produced by fertilization of an egg by a sperm; will divide by mitosis to produce the sporophyte

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10
Q

alternation of generations

A

a type of life cycle where the organism spends part of its life as a multicellular sporophyte and part of its life as a multicellular gametophyte

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11
Q

homosporous plant

A

a plant that produces only one type of spore within its life cycle

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12
Q

heterosporous plant

A

a plant which produces two types of spores within its life cycle: a microspore which grows into a male gametophyte and a megaspore that develops into a female gametophyte

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13
Q

microsporangium (pollen sac)

A

the male reproductive organ where meiosis occurs to produce haploid microspores; part of the anther of the stamen

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14
Q

microsporocyte

A

a diploid cell produced within the microsporangium (pollen sac) in the anther of a stamen; will divide by meiosis to produce haploid spores

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15
Q

microspore

A

a reproductive cell produced by meiosis of a microsporocyte within a microsporangium; will grow by mitosis into a male gametophyte, the pollen grain

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16
Q

endothecium

A

a layer of parenchyma cells, one cell thick, part of the wall of an anther just underneath the epidermis

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17
Q

middle layer

A

a ring of small cells around each pollen sac, several cells thick, between the endothecium and the tapetum

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18
Q

tapetum

A

a ring of large, elongated cells that forms the innermost layer of a pollen sac wall; provides nutrition to the microsporocytes and developing pollen grain

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19
Q

lip cells

A

elongated, modified epidermal cells at the seams of the anther; puts pressure on the wall of the pollen sac to cause it to open, forming the stomium and releasing the pollen

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20
Q

stomium

A

the opening of a mature anther through which the pollen will be released

21
Q

pollen grain (male gametophyte)

A

the male, multicellular haploid generation of an angiosperm life cycle; produced by mitosis of a microspore within a pollen sac of an anther

22
Q

sporopollenin

A

a tough substance that forms the exine (outer wall) of a pollen grain; very resistant to decay

23
Q

exine

A

the protective outer coat of a pollen grain; composed of sporopollenin; can be highly sculptured

24
Q

generative cell

A

a cell of the two-celled pollen grain; produces the two sperm cells needed for double fertilization

25
Q

tube (vegetative) cell

A

a cell of the two-celled pollen grain; produces and directs the growth of the pollen tube which will deliver the sperm to an ovule

26
Q

sperm

A

the male gamete of an angiosperm; two are produced to fertilize the egg and the central cell during double fertilization

27
Q

papillae

A

extensions from the epidermis of the stigma to capture pollen and facilitate its germination

28
Q

integuments

A

the cell layers surrounding the nucellus of an ovule; will mature into the seed coat

29
Q

micropyle

A

an opening in the integuments of an ovule through which the pollen tube grows

30
Q

megasporangium (nucellus)

A

the inner part of an ovule within which megaspores and the embryo sac are formed

31
Q

embryo sac (female gametophyte)

A

the female, multicellular haploid generation of an angiosperm life cycle; produced by mitosis of a megaspore within the nucellus of an ovule

32
Q

megasporocyte

A

a diploid cell produced within a megasporangium (nucellus) within the ovule of an ovary; will divide by meiosis to produce haploid megaspores

33
Q

megaspore

A

a reproductive cell produced by meiosis of a megasporocyte within a megasporangium; will undergo mitosis to produce a female gametophyte , the embryo sac

34
Q

antipodal cell

A

a cell of the female gametophyte (embryo sac) of an angiosperm; there are three antipodal cells at one end of a mature embryo sac

35
Q

central cell

A

a large cell of the female gametophyte (embryo sac) of an angiosperm; it is centrally located and contains two polar nuclei and is diploid; will fuse with a sperm cell during double fertilization to produce the triploid primary endosperm cell

36
Q

polar nuclei

A

two nuclei of the female gametophyte (embryo sac) of an angiosperm; they migrate from each end of the embryo sac after mitosis of the megaspore and eventually fuse to form the nucleus of the central cell

37
Q

egg

A

the female gamete of an angiosperm; a cell of the female gametophyte (embryo sac); will fuse with a sperm cell during double fertilization to form the diploid zygote which will produce the new sporophyte embryo

38
Q

synergid

A

a cell of the female gametophyte (embryo sac) of an angiosperm; there are two synergid cells, closely associated with the egg cell, at one end of a mature embryo sac

39
Q

pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma

40
Q

pollen tube

A

a tube formed when a pollen grain germinates on the stigma; produced as an extension of the tube cell of the pollen grain; transports the sperm to an ovule for fertilization

41
Q

double fertilization

A

unique to angiosperms; fusion of a sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote and the simultaneous fusion of a sperm and the central wall to form a triploid primary endosperm cell; occurs within the embryo sac of an ovule within the ovary of a pistil

42
Q

primary endosperm cell

A

a triploid cell resulting from the fusion of a sperm and the central cell (or the two polar nuclei) during double fertilization; will divide by mitosis to produce the endosperm - the food supply within the angiosperm seed

43
Q

triploid

A

having three sets of chromosomes; 3n - because the primary endosperm cell is triploid it can produce the endosperm food supply very rapidly since is has three copies of each gene

44
Q

embryo

A

a young, diploid sporophyte plant; the zygote undergoes mitosis within the ovule to produce the embryo as the ovule matures into a seed; the embryo remains dormant within the seed until germination when it grows very rapidly

45
Q

endosperm

A

a triploid tissue, containing stored food, that develops from the primary endosperm cell within an ovule; its food is absorbed by the embryo either before or after the maturation of the seed; unique to angiosperms

46
Q

seed

A

a fertilized, matured ovule containing the embryo sporophyte; the ovules mature into seeds as the ovary around them matures into a fruit

47
Q

seed coat (testa)

A

a out layer of a seed develops from the integuments if the ovule

48
Q

iodine (IKI)

A

a chemical used to test for the presence of starch; turns black in the presence of starch

49
Q

Bradford solution

A

a solution which changes colour in the presence of protein

BIO 222 (33 decks)

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