lecture 5 - neuroanatomy 4

Question 1

What are the 3 gyri of the anterior frontal lobe, and what divides them?

Answer 1

Superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, divided by the superior frontal sulcus and inferior frontal sulcus

Question 2

Which gyrus contains the primary motor cortex?

Answer 2

The precentral gyrus

Question 3

What are the 3 divisions of the inferior frontal gyrus?

Answer 3

superior to inferior: opercular, triangular, orbital

Question 4

What divisions of the inferior frontal gyrus make up Broca’s Area?

Answer 4

Opercular and triangular (superior 2 divisions of the gyrus)

Question 5

What is the location of Broca’s Area?

Answer 5

At the inferior end of the precentral gyrus in the inferior frontal gyrus

Question 6

What are the overall functions of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 6

Intellect, complex learning/cognition, recall, personality

Question 7

What gyrus contains the primary somatosensory cortex?

Answer 7

Postcentral gyrus

Question 8

What are the 2 regions of the parietal lobe that are separated by the intraparietal sulcus?

Answer 8

The superior and inferior parietal lobules

Question 9

Which gyrus surrounds the end of the lateral fissure in the parietal lobe?

Answer 9

Supramarginal gyrus

Question 10

What is the function of the supramarginal gyrus?

Answer 10

tactile sensory data interpretation, proprioception

Question 11

What gyrus sits posterior to the supramarginal gyrus in the parietal lobe?

Answer 11

angular gyrus

Question 12

What is the function of the angular gyrus?

Answer 12

language, number processing, spatial cognition, etc.

Question 13

What type of movement is initiated by the corticospinal tracts?

Answer 13

Fast, skillled movement

Question 14

What is the origin of the corticospinal tracts?

Answer 14

primary motor/premotor/sensory cortices

Question 15

What is the brain pathway of the corticospinal tracts?

Answer 15

cortex, internal capsule, midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 16

Where is the decussation of 90% of fibres from the corticospinal tracts?

Answer 16

Medulla

Question 17

Where are the cell bodies of lower motor neurons from the corticospinal tracts?

Answer 17

Ventral horn of spinal cord

Question 18

What sensations are part of the discriminative pathway?

Answer 18

Fine touch, vibration, conscious proprioception

Question 19

What sensations are part of the non-discriminative pathway?

Answer 19

Pain, pressure, temperature

Question 20

What is the other name for the discriminative pathway?

Answer 20

Dorsal column-Medial leminscus pathway

Question 21

What is the name for the non-discriminative pathway?

Answer 21

Spinothalamic pathway

Question 22

Where are the cell bodies for first order neurons in the discriminative pathway?

Answer 22

Spinal dorsal root ganglia

Question 23

Where are the cell bodies for second order neurons in the discriminative pathway?

Answer 23

In the gracile or cuneate nuclei (collectively called the dorsal column nuclei) in the medulla

Question 24

Where does the gracile nucleus receive the majority of its somatosensory input?

Answer 24

The lower limb

Question 25

Where does the cuneate nucleus receive the majority of its somatosensory input?

Answer 25

The upper limb

Question 26

Where are the cell bodies of the third-order neurons of the discriminative pathway located?

Answer 26

The thalamus

Question 27

Where is the decussation of the discriminative pathway?

Answer 27

medulla

Question 28

Where is the cell body of the first order neurons of the non-discriminative/spinothalamic pathway?

Answer 28

spinal dorsal root ganglia

Question 29

Where is the cell body of the second order neurons of the non-discriminative/spinothalamic pathway?

Answer 29

The dorsal horn of the spinal cord (at level where nerve entered cord)

Question 30

Where is the cell body of the third order neurons of the non-discriminative/spinothalamic pathway?

Answer 30

The thalamus (axons project to the post-central gyrus)

Question 31

Where is the decussation of the non-discriminative/spinothalamic pathway?

Answer 31

the spinal cord, at the level where neurons enter the cord

Question 32

What is the biggest difference between the arrangements of the discriminative and non-discriminative sensory pathways?

Answer 32

Discriminative has decussation at the medulla, while non-discriminative has decussation immediately when it enters the spinal cord

Question 33

What type of information is conveyed by the spinocerebellar tract?

Answer 33

Sensory information from muscles or tendons about stretch - but NOT conscious sensation

Question 34

What are the features of the spinocerebellar tract?

Answer 34

No third order neuron, no decussation

Question 35

What is the name for the key horizontal/transverse sulcus in the occipital lobe?

Answer 35

Calcarine sulcus

Question 36

What is the location of the primary visual cortex?

Answer 36

Gyrus forming the walls of the calcarine sulcus, deep within the occipital lobe

Question 37

What is the name given to the occipital lobe, except for the primary visual cortex?

Answer 37

The Visual association area

Question 38

Where in the brain is the area responsible for facial recognition?

Answer 38

The temporal lobe

Question 39

What are the 3 lateral gyri of the temporal lobe, and what divides them?

Answer 39

Superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, divided by the superior and inferior temporal sulci

Question 40

What gyrus contains the hippocampus?

Answer 40

Parahippocampal gyrus

Question 41

What 2 structures lie medial to the rhinal sulcus?

Answer 41

The uncus and amygdala

Question 42

What is the function of the uncus?

Answer 42

Olfaction

Question 43

What is the function of the amygdala

Answer 43

process and memory of emotions

Question 44

Which ventricle does the hippocampus sit medial to?

Answer 44

The inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

Question 45

What is the name for the bundle of fibres that leave the olfactory bulb?

Answer 45

Olfactory tract

Question 46

What lobe of the brain is associated with olfaction?

Answer 46

Temporal lobe

Question 47

What part of the temporal lobe contains the olfactory cortex?

Answer 47

The uncus

Question 48

What is the function of the olfactory cortex?

Answer 48

Conscious perception of smell

Question 49

What is the role of the hippocampus in olfactory projection pathways?

Answer 49

Olfactory memory

Question 50

What is the role of the amygdala in olfactory projection pathways?

Answer 50

Emotional responses to smell

Question 51

What is the role of the reticular formation in olfactory projection pathways?

Answer 51

visceral responses to smell

Question 52

What are the 5 key centres in the brain where olfactory information is sent?

Answer 52

Olfactory cortex (uncus), hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, reticular formation

Question 53

What gyrus contains the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 53

The transverse temporal gyrus

Question 54

What is the location of Wernicke’s Area?

Answer 54

The superior temporal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere

Question 55

Which cranial nerve carries auditory information to the brain?

Answer 55

The vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 56

What are the parts of the auditory pathway, from the ears to the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 56

vestibulocochlear nerve, cochlear nucleus, superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, thalamus, primary auditory cortex

Question 57

How is the dominant hemisphere of the brain defined?

Answer 57

The hemisphere where language resides - i.e. Broca’s and Wernicke’s Area

Question 58

Which hemisphere is dominant in 90% of people?

Answer 58

Left

Question 59

What is the name for the fibres that connect Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas?

Answer 59

Arcutate Fasciculus

Question 60

What condition arises from damage to Broca’s Area?

Answer 60

Non-fluent aphasia (difficulty forming speech)

Question 61

What condition arises from damage to Wernicke’s Area?

Answer 61

Fluent aphasia, fine to produce speech but it does not make sense

Question 62

What condition arises from damage to the arcutate fasciculus?

Answer 62

Conduction aphasia, where expression and comprehension are intact, but there is isolated difficulty with speech repitition

Question 63

What does the pineal gland produce?

Answer 63

Melatonin - the sleep inducing signal

Question 64

Why is the pineal gland radiopaque in adults?

Answer 64

It contains calcium salts (pineal sand)

Question 65

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

Answer 65

body temperature, food intake, water balance/thirst, sleep-wake cycles, endocrine function, emotional response, autonomic control centre

Question 66

What structures in the eye produce local currents in response to light?

Answer 66

Rods & cones

Question 67

What are the 2 parts of the retina that see 2 visual fields?

Answer 67

The nasal retina (medial) and temporal retina (lateral)

Question 68

Which parts of the retina of each eye see the right half of the world?

Answer 68

Right nasal retina, left temporal retina

Question 69

Which parts of the retina of each eye see the left half of the world?

Answer 69

Left nasal retina and right temporal retina

Question 70

Which nucleus of the thalamus does visual information pass through?

Answer 70

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 71

What visual field defect causes loss of vision in one eye?

Answer 71

Mononuclear blindness

Question 72

What visual field defect causes loss of vision in the temporal (lateral) sides of each eye?

Answer 72

Bitemporal hemianopsia

Question 73

What visual field defect causes loss of vision in the same side on each eye (one temporal and one nasal)?

Answer 73

Homonymous hemianopsia

Question 74

What type of visual field defect occurs when there is a lesion at the optic nerve of one eye?

Answer 74

Mononuclear blindness (one eye is totally blind)

Question 75

What type of visual field defect occurs when there is a lesion where fibres cross at the optic chiasma?

Answer 75

Bitemporal hemianopsia (lateral vision in both eyes is gone)

Question 76

What type of visual field defect occurs when there is a lesion in the optic tract on one side?

Answer 76

Homonoymous hemianopsia (blindness on the same half L/R of each eye)

Question 77

Which fibres coming from which part of the retina will not cross over at the optic chiasma?

Answer 77

Fibres from the temporal retina