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ELM3 - nervous > lecture 5 - neuroanatomy 4 > Flashcards

lecture 5 - neuroanatomy 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 gyri of the anterior frontal lobe, and what divides them?

A

Superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, divided by the superior frontal sulcus and inferior frontal sulcus

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2
Q

Which gyrus contains the primary motor cortex?

A

The precentral gyrus

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3
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

superior to inferior: opercular, triangular, orbital

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4
Q

What divisions of the inferior frontal gyrus make up Broca’s Area?

A

Opercular and triangular (superior 2 divisions of the gyrus)

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5
Q

What is the location of Broca’s Area?

A

At the inferior end of the precentral gyrus in the inferior frontal gyrus

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6
Q

What are the overall functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Intellect, complex learning/cognition, recall, personality

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7
Q

What gyrus contains the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Postcentral gyrus

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8
Q

What are the 2 regions of the parietal lobe that are separated by the intraparietal sulcus?

A

The superior and inferior parietal lobules

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9
Q

Which gyrus surrounds the end of the lateral fissure in the parietal lobe?

A

Supramarginal gyrus

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10
Q

What is the function of the supramarginal gyrus?

A

tactile sensory data interpretation, proprioception

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11
Q

What gyrus sits posterior to the supramarginal gyrus in the parietal lobe?

A

angular gyrus

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12
Q

What is the function of the angular gyrus?

A

language, number processing, spatial cognition, etc.

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13
Q

What type of movement is initiated by the corticospinal tracts?

A

Fast, skillled movement

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14
Q

What is the origin of the corticospinal tracts?

A

primary motor/premotor/sensory cortices

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15
Q

What is the brain pathway of the corticospinal tracts?

A

cortex, internal capsule, midbrain, pons, medulla

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16
Q

Where is the decussation of 90% of fibres from the corticospinal tracts?

A

Medulla

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17
Q

Where are the cell bodies of lower motor neurons from the corticospinal tracts?

A

Ventral horn of spinal cord

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18
Q

What sensations are part of the discriminative pathway?

A

Fine touch, vibration, conscious proprioception

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19
Q

What sensations are part of the non-discriminative pathway?

A

Pain, pressure, temperature

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20
Q

What is the other name for the discriminative pathway?

A

Dorsal column-Medial leminscus pathway

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21
Q

What is the name for the non-discriminative pathway?

A

Spinothalamic pathway

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22
Q

Where are the cell bodies for first order neurons in the discriminative pathway?

A

Spinal dorsal root ganglia

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23
Q

Where are the cell bodies for second order neurons in the discriminative pathway?

A

In the gracile or cuneate nuclei (collectively called the dorsal column nuclei) in the medulla

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24
Q

Where does the gracile nucleus receive the majority of its somatosensory input?

A

The lower limb

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25
Q

Where does the cuneate nucleus receive the majority of its somatosensory input?

A

The upper limb

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26
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the third-order neurons of the discriminative pathway located?

A

The thalamus

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27
Q

Where is the decussation of the discriminative pathway?

A

medulla

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28
Q

Where is the cell body of the first order neurons of the non-discriminative/spinothalamic pathway?

A

spinal dorsal root ganglia

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29
Q

Where is the cell body of the second order neurons of the non-discriminative/spinothalamic pathway?

A

The dorsal horn of the spinal cord (at level where nerve entered cord)

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30
Q

Where is the cell body of the third order neurons of the non-discriminative/spinothalamic pathway?

A

The thalamus (axons project to the post-central gyrus)

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31
Q

Where is the decussation of the non-discriminative/spinothalamic pathway?

A

the spinal cord, at the level where neurons enter the cord

32
Q

What is the biggest difference between the arrangements of the discriminative and non-discriminative sensory pathways?

A

Discriminative has decussation at the medulla, while non-discriminative has decussation immediately when it enters the spinal cord

33
Q

What type of information is conveyed by the spinocerebellar tract?

A

Sensory information from muscles or tendons about stretch - but NOT conscious sensation

34
Q

What are the features of the spinocerebellar tract?

A

No third order neuron, no decussation

35
Q

What is the name for the key horizontal/transverse sulcus in the occipital lobe?

A

Calcarine sulcus

36
Q

What is the location of the primary visual cortex?

A

Gyrus forming the walls of the calcarine sulcus, deep within the occipital lobe

37
Q

What is the name given to the occipital lobe, except for the primary visual cortex?

A

The Visual association area

38
Q

Where in the brain is the area responsible for facial recognition?

A

The temporal lobe

39
Q

What are the 3 lateral gyri of the temporal lobe, and what divides them?

A

Superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, divided by the superior and inferior temporal sulci

40
Q

What gyrus contains the hippocampus?

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

41
Q

What 2 structures lie medial to the rhinal sulcus?

A

The uncus and amygdala

42
Q

What is the function of the uncus?

A

Olfaction

43
Q

What is the function of the amygdala

A

process and memory of emotions

44
Q

Which ventricle does the hippocampus sit medial to?

A

The inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

45
Q

What is the name for the bundle of fibres that leave the olfactory bulb?

A

Olfactory tract

46
Q

What lobe of the brain is associated with olfaction?

A

Temporal lobe

47
Q

What part of the temporal lobe contains the olfactory cortex?

A

The uncus

48
Q

What is the function of the olfactory cortex?

A

Conscious perception of smell

49
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in olfactory projection pathways?

A

Olfactory memory

50
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in olfactory projection pathways?

A

Emotional responses to smell

51
Q

What is the role of the reticular formation in olfactory projection pathways?

A

visceral responses to smell

52
Q

What are the 5 key centres in the brain where olfactory information is sent?

A

Olfactory cortex (uncus), hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, reticular formation

53
Q

What gyrus contains the primary auditory cortex?

A

The transverse temporal gyrus

54
Q

What is the location of Wernicke’s Area?

A

The superior temporal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere

55
Q

Which cranial nerve carries auditory information to the brain?

A

The vestibulocochlear nerve

56
Q

What are the parts of the auditory pathway, from the ears to the primary auditory cortex?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve, cochlear nucleus, superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, thalamus, primary auditory cortex

57
Q

How is the dominant hemisphere of the brain defined?

A

The hemisphere where language resides - i.e. Broca’s and Wernicke’s Area

58
Q

Which hemisphere is dominant in 90% of people?

A

Left

59
Q

What is the name for the fibres that connect Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas?

A

Arcutate Fasciculus

60
Q

What condition arises from damage to Broca’s Area?

A

Non-fluent aphasia (difficulty forming speech)

61
Q

What condition arises from damage to Wernicke’s Area?

A

Fluent aphasia, fine to produce speech but it does not make sense

62
Q

What condition arises from damage to the arcutate fasciculus?

A

Conduction aphasia, where expression and comprehension are intact, but there is isolated difficulty with speech repitition

63
Q

What does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin - the sleep inducing signal

64
Q

Why is the pineal gland radiopaque in adults?

A

It contains calcium salts (pineal sand)

65
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

body temperature, food intake, water balance/thirst, sleep-wake cycles, endocrine function, emotional response, autonomic control centre

66
Q

What structures in the eye produce local currents in response to light?

A

Rods & cones

67
Q

What are the 2 parts of the retina that see 2 visual fields?

A

The nasal retina (medial) and temporal retina (lateral)

68
Q

Which parts of the retina of each eye see the right half of the world?

A

Right nasal retina, left temporal retina

69
Q

Which parts of the retina of each eye see the left half of the world?

A

Left nasal retina and right temporal retina

70
Q

Which nucleus of the thalamus does visual information pass through?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

71
Q

What visual field defect causes loss of vision in one eye?

A

Mononuclear blindness

72
Q

What visual field defect causes loss of vision in the temporal (lateral) sides of each eye?

A

Bitemporal hemianopsia

73
Q

What visual field defect causes loss of vision in the same side on each eye (one temporal and one nasal)?

A

Homonymous hemianopsia

74
Q

What type of visual field defect occurs when there is a lesion at the optic nerve of one eye?

A

Mononuclear blindness (one eye is totally blind)

75
Q

What type of visual field defect occurs when there is a lesion where fibres cross at the optic chiasma?

A

Bitemporal hemianopsia (lateral vision in both eyes is gone)

76
Q

What type of visual field defect occurs when there is a lesion in the optic tract on one side?

A

Homonoymous hemianopsia (blindness on the same half L/R of each eye)

77
Q

Which fibres coming from which part of the retina will not cross over at the optic chiasma?

A

Fibres from the temporal retina

ELM3 - nervous (29 decks)

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