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ELM3 - nervous > lecture 2 - neuroanatomy 1-2 > Flashcards

lecture 2 - neuroanatomy 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 bones that make up the cranium?

A

Frontal, Parietal (2), Temporal (2), Occipital (1), Sphenoid (1), Ethmoid (1)

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2
Q

What are the 4 sutures of the skull?

A

Coronal, Sagittal, Squamous, Lambdoid

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3
Q

What are the 2 fontanelles of the skull?

A

Frontal, Occipital

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4
Q

What is the name for the point where the coronal and sagittal sutures meet?

A

Bregma

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5
Q

What is the name for the point where the sagittal and lambdoid sutures meet?

A

The lambda

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6
Q

What are the 3 cranial fossae?

A

Anterior, middle, posterior cranial fossa

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7
Q

What lobe sits in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal lobe

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8
Q

What lobe sits in the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal lobe

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9
Q

What part of the brain sits in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Cerebellum

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10
Q

What bone forms the cribriform plate?

A

Ethmoid bone

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11
Q

What is the sella turcica?

A

A depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland sits

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12
Q

Which bone contains the sella turcica?

A

Sphenoid bone

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13
Q

Which bone contains the foramen magnum?

A

Occipital bone

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14
Q

Where is the crista galli located?

A

Projects above the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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15
Q

What structure attaches to the crista galli?

A

The falx cerebri

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16
Q

Which cranial nerve passes through the optic foramen?

A

Optic nerve (CNII)

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17
Q

Which bone is the optic foramen located in?

A

Sphenoid bone

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18
Q

What is the name for the opening in the sphenoid bone that the CNII passes through?

A

Optic foramen

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19
Q

What cranial nerve passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

CNV2 (second branch of the trigeminal nerve = maxillary nerve)

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20
Q

Which cranial nerve passes through the foramen ovale?

A

CNV3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)

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21
Q

What are the 3 branches of the trigmenal nerve (CNV1, CNV2, CNV3)?

A

Opthalmic nerve, Maxillary nerve, Mandibular nerve

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22
Q

Which bone is the foramen rotundum found in?

A

sphenoid bone

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23
Q

What bones is the foramen ovale of the skull found in?

A

Sphenoid bone

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24
Q

What bone is the internal auditory meatus found in?

A

Temporal bone

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25
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the internal auditory meatus?

A

CNVII (facial nerve), CNVIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)

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26
Q

Which 3 cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

A

CNIX (glossopharyngeal nerve ), CNX (vagus nerve), CNXI (accessory nerve)

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27
Q

Which 4 cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A

CNIII (oculomotor nerve), CNIV (trochlear nerve), CNV1 (opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve), CNVI (abducens nerve)

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28
Q

Which cranial nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

CNXII (hypoglossal nerve

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29
Q

Where is the jugular foramen located?

A

Between the temporal and occipital bones

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30
Q

Where is the hypoglossal canal located?

A

In the occipital bone, lateral to the foramen magnum

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31
Q

What is the descriptor for the anterior cerebrum?

A

Rostral

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32
Q

What is the descriptor for the superior cerebrum?

A

Dorsal

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33
Q

What is the descriptor for the inferior cerebrum?

A

Ventral

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34
Q

What is the descriptor for the posterior cerebrum?

A

Caudal

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35
Q

What is the descriptor for the anterior brain stem?

A

ventral

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36
Q

What is the descriptor for the superior brain stem?

A

rostral

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37
Q

What is the descriptor for the posterior brain stem?

A

dorsal

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38
Q

What is the descriptor for the inferior brain stem?

A

caudal

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39
Q

What is the groove between the left and right hemispheres?

A

Medial longitudinal fissure

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40
Q

What is the name of the lobe buried deep within the lateral sulcus?

A

Insular lobe

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41
Q

What lobes cover the insular lobe?

A

Temporal, parietal, frontal

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42
Q

What divides the parietal and occipital lobes?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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43
Q

What divides the occipital lobe and cerebellum?

A

Transverse fisssure

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44
Q

What is the structure that connects the corpus callosum and fornix together in the vertical plane?

A

Septum pallucidum

45
Q

What are the 4 parts of the corpus callosum?

A

Rostrum (anterior), genu, body, splenium

46
Q

What is the most posterior part of the corpus callosum?

A

Splenium

47
Q

What ventricle is associated with the diencephalon?

A

Third ventricle

48
Q

What are the 2 glands associated with the diencephalon?

A

Pineal, pituitary

49
Q

Which of the pineal and pituitary glands is most anterior?

A

Pituitary gland

50
Q

What structures anchor the cerebellum to the brain stem?

A

cerebellar peduncles

51
Q

What is the name for a group of cell bodies in the CNS?

A

Nucleus

52
Q

What is the name for a group of cell bodies in the PNS?

A

Ganglion

53
Q

What are the 3 key classifications of fibres within the CNS, based on their location?

A

Commissural fibres, projection fibres, association fibres

54
Q

Where do commissural fibres travel in the brain?

A

From one hemisphere to the other

55
Q

Where do projection fibres travel in the brain?

A

From the brain to the spinal cord via the internal capsule

56
Q

Where do association fibres travel within the brain?

A

Within the same hemisphere, though may be between different lobes

57
Q

What are the key structures within the basal nuclei/ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus (putamen + globus pallidus)

58
Q

What are structures of the corpus striatum?

A

Lentiform nucleus (putamen + globus pallidus), caudate nucleus, subthalamic nuclei, substantia nigra

59
Q

What are the structures of the striatum?

A

Putamen, caudate nucleus

60
Q

What part of the basal nuclei is associated with the lateral ventricle?

A

Caudate nucleus

61
Q

What are the 3 parts of the caudate nucleus (anterior to posterior)?

A

Head, body, tail

62
Q

Which structure sits inferior to the tail of the caudate nucleus?

A

Amygdaloid nucleus

63
Q

The internal capsule divides which parts of the basal nuclei?

A

Lentiform nucleus and the thalamus/caudate nucleus

64
Q

What are the parts of the internal capsule?

A

Anterior limb, genu, posterior limb

65
Q

What are the 2 additional capsules found lateral to the internal capsule?

A

External capsule, extreme capsule (more lateral)

66
Q

What is the name for the region of grey matter between the internal and extreme capsules?

A

Claustrum

67
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

68
Q

At which spinal level does the spinal cord terminate?

A

L1/L2

69
Q

Where are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical, lumbar regions

70
Q

What is the name for the inferior end of the spinal cord?

A

Conus medullaris

71
Q

What structure anchors the conus medullaris to the posterior surface of the coccyx?

A

Filum terminale

72
Q

What is the name for the groove on the posterior surface of the spinal cord?

A

median sulcus

73
Q

What is the name for the groove on the anterior surface of the spinal cord?

A

median fissure

74
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dura mater?

A

Periosteal (outer), meningeal (inner)

75
Q

What structures form between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater?

A

Dural venous sinuses

76
Q

Which meningeal fold divides the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Falx cerebri

77
Q

Which meningeal fold divides the cerebellar hemipsheres?

A

Falx cerebelli

78
Q

Which meningeal fold divides the cerebellum and cerebrum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

79
Q

What is the name for the notch in the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Tentorial incisure

80
Q

Which artery provides the main blood supply to the dura?

A

Middle meningeal artery

81
Q

What artery is most commonly ruptured causing an epidural hematoma?

A

Middle meningeal artery

82
Q

What is the name of the CT strands that join the pia mater to the arachnoid mater?

A

Arachnoid trabeculae

83
Q

What are the key cisterns of the brain?

A

Superior cistern, Cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna), pontine cistern, interpeduncular cistern

84
Q

What structures drain CSF from the arachnoid space into venous sinuses?

A

Arachnoid granulations (collections of arachnoid villi)

85
Q

What is the difference between the dura mater of the spinal cord and the brain?

A

Spinal cord has no dural periosteal layer, instead has just the meningeal layer which is called the dural sheath

86
Q

What are the 2 key types of veins that drain into the dural venous sinuses?

A

Cerebral veins, Emissary veins (from the scalp)

87
Q

What vessel do the dural venous sinuses ultimately drain into?

A

The internal jugular vein

88
Q

What is the location of the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Lies along the superior margin of the falx cerebri

89
Q

What sinus does the superior sagittal sinus drain into?

A

Transverse sinus

90
Q

What artery is enclosed by the carvenous sinus?

A

The internal carotid artery

91
Q

What is the pathway of drainage through the venous sinuses starting at the inferior sagittal sinus?

A

Inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, internal jugular vein

92
Q

What is the pathway of drainage through the venous sinuses starting at the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, internal jugular vein

93
Q

What are the 2 pathways of drainage through the venous sinuses starting at the carvenous sinus?

A
  1. Cavernous sinus, superior petrosal sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, internal jugular vein.
  2. Cavernous sinus, inferior petrosal sinus, internal jugular vein
94
Q

What are the 2 arteries that supply the brain?

A

Internal carotid arteries, Vertebral arteries

95
Q

What do the left and right vertberal arteries together form?

A

The basilar artery

96
Q

What are the 2 branches of the basilar artery?

A

Left and right posterior cerebral arteries

97
Q

What are the 3 arteries that complete the circle of willis?

A

Anterior communicating artery, left and right posterior communicating artery

98
Q

What parts of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

The anterior 2/3 of the medial aspect of the brain

99
Q

What parts of the brain does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Almost all of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres

100
Q

What parts of the brain does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

The posterior 1/3 of the medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres, plus the occipital lobes, inferior temporal lobes and superior brain stem

101
Q

What are the clinical signs of anterior cerebral artery occlusion?

A

Contralateral hemiplegia and sensory loss, greatest in the lower limb

102
Q

What are the clinical signs of middle cerebral artery occlusion?

A

Contralateral hemiplegia & impaired sensation, most marked int he upper limb and face. Severe aphasia if dominant hemisphere affected.

103
Q

What are the clinical signs of posterior cerebral artery occlusion?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia (visual field loss on the same half of each eye, on the opposite half to the lesion)

104
Q

What are the 4 ventricles of the ventricular system?

A

Lateral (x2), Third, Fourth

105
Q

What are the 4 parts of the lateral ventricles?

A

Anterior horn, Inferior horn, Posterior horn, Body

106
Q

What connects the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle?

A

The interventricular foramen

107
Q

What connects the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

108
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

At the choroid plexuses found in each ventricle

109
Q

What is the path of CSF from production to drainage, starting at the lateral ventricles?

A

Lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, third ventricles cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, cisterna magna, subarachnoid space, arachnoid granulations, venous sinuses

ELM3 - nervous (29 decks)

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