lecture 2 - neuroanatomy 1-2 Flashcards
What are the 8 bones that make up the cranium?
Frontal, Parietal (2), Temporal (2), Occipital (1), Sphenoid (1), Ethmoid (1)
What are the 4 sutures of the skull?
Coronal, Sagittal, Squamous, Lambdoid
What are the 2 fontanelles of the skull?
Frontal, Occipital
What is the name for the point where the coronal and sagittal sutures meet?
Bregma
What is the name for the point where the sagittal and lambdoid sutures meet?
The lambda
What are the 3 cranial fossae?
Anterior, middle, posterior cranial fossa
What lobe sits in the anterior cranial fossa?
Frontal lobe
What lobe sits in the middle cranial fossa?
Temporal lobe
What part of the brain sits in the posterior cranial fossa?
Cerebellum
What bone forms the cribriform plate?
Ethmoid bone
What is the sella turcica?
A depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland sits
Which bone contains the sella turcica?
Sphenoid bone
Which bone contains the foramen magnum?
Occipital bone
Where is the crista galli located?
Projects above the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
What structure attaches to the crista galli?
The falx cerebri
Which cranial nerve passes through the optic foramen?
Optic nerve (CNII)
Which bone is the optic foramen located in?
Sphenoid bone
What is the name for the opening in the sphenoid bone that the CNII passes through?
Optic foramen
What cranial nerve passes through the foramen rotundum?
CNV2 (second branch of the trigeminal nerve = maxillary nerve)
Which cranial nerve passes through the foramen ovale?
CNV3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)
What are the 3 branches of the trigmenal nerve (CNV1, CNV2, CNV3)?
Opthalmic nerve, Maxillary nerve, Mandibular nerve
Which bone is the foramen rotundum found in?
sphenoid bone
What bones is the foramen ovale of the skull found in?
Sphenoid bone
What bone is the internal auditory meatus found in?
Temporal bone
Which cranial nerves pass through the internal auditory meatus?
CNVII (facial nerve), CNVIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)
Which 3 cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?
CNIX (glossopharyngeal nerve ), CNX (vagus nerve), CNXI (accessory nerve)
Which 4 cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?
CNIII (oculomotor nerve), CNIV (trochlear nerve), CNV1 (opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve), CNVI (abducens nerve)
Which cranial nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal?
CNXII (hypoglossal nerve
Where is the jugular foramen located?
Between the temporal and occipital bones
Where is the hypoglossal canal located?
In the occipital bone, lateral to the foramen magnum
What is the descriptor for the anterior cerebrum?
Rostral
What is the descriptor for the superior cerebrum?
Dorsal
What is the descriptor for the inferior cerebrum?
Ventral
What is the descriptor for the posterior cerebrum?
Caudal
What is the descriptor for the anterior brain stem?
ventral
What is the descriptor for the superior brain stem?
rostral
What is the descriptor for the posterior brain stem?
dorsal
What is the descriptor for the inferior brain stem?
caudal
What is the groove between the left and right hemispheres?
Medial longitudinal fissure
What is the name of the lobe buried deep within the lateral sulcus?
Insular lobe
What lobes cover the insular lobe?
Temporal, parietal, frontal
What divides the parietal and occipital lobes?
Parieto-occipital sulcus
What divides the occipital lobe and cerebellum?
Transverse fisssure
What is the structure that connects the corpus callosum and fornix together in the vertical plane?
Septum pallucidum
What are the 4 parts of the corpus callosum?
Rostrum (anterior), genu, body, splenium
What is the most posterior part of the corpus callosum?
Splenium
What ventricle is associated with the diencephalon?
Third ventricle
What are the 2 glands associated with the diencephalon?
Pineal, pituitary
Which of the pineal and pituitary glands is most anterior?
Pituitary gland
What structures anchor the cerebellum to the brain stem?
cerebellar peduncles
What is the name for a group of cell bodies in the CNS?
Nucleus
What is the name for a group of cell bodies in the PNS?
Ganglion
What are the 3 key classifications of fibres within the CNS, based on their location?
Commissural fibres, projection fibres, association fibres
Where do commissural fibres travel in the brain?
From one hemisphere to the other
Where do projection fibres travel in the brain?
From the brain to the spinal cord via the internal capsule
Where do association fibres travel within the brain?
Within the same hemisphere, though may be between different lobes
What are the key structures within the basal nuclei/ganglia?
Caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus (putamen + globus pallidus)
What are structures of the corpus striatum?
Lentiform nucleus (putamen + globus pallidus), caudate nucleus, subthalamic nuclei, substantia nigra
What are the structures of the striatum?
Putamen, caudate nucleus
What part of the basal nuclei is associated with the lateral ventricle?
Caudate nucleus
What are the 3 parts of the caudate nucleus (anterior to posterior)?
Head, body, tail
Which structure sits inferior to the tail of the caudate nucleus?
Amygdaloid nucleus
The internal capsule divides which parts of the basal nuclei?
Lentiform nucleus and the thalamus/caudate nucleus
What are the parts of the internal capsule?
Anterior limb, genu, posterior limb
What are the 2 additional capsules found lateral to the internal capsule?
External capsule, extreme capsule (more lateral)
What is the name for the region of grey matter between the internal and extreme capsules?
Claustrum
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
At which spinal level does the spinal cord terminate?
L1/L2
Where are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord?
Cervical, lumbar regions
What is the name for the inferior end of the spinal cord?
Conus medullaris
What structure anchors the conus medullaris to the posterior surface of the coccyx?
Filum terminale
What is the name for the groove on the posterior surface of the spinal cord?
median sulcus
What is the name for the groove on the anterior surface of the spinal cord?
median fissure
What are the 2 layers of the dura mater?
Periosteal (outer), meningeal (inner)
What structures form between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater?
Dural venous sinuses
Which meningeal fold divides the two cerebral hemispheres?
Falx cerebri
Which meningeal fold divides the cerebellar hemipsheres?
Falx cerebelli
Which meningeal fold divides the cerebellum and cerebrum?
Tentorium cerebelli
What is the name for the notch in the tentorium cerebelli?
Tentorial incisure
Which artery provides the main blood supply to the dura?
Middle meningeal artery
What artery is most commonly ruptured causing an epidural hematoma?
Middle meningeal artery
What is the name of the CT strands that join the pia mater to the arachnoid mater?
Arachnoid trabeculae
What are the key cisterns of the brain?
Superior cistern, Cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna), pontine cistern, interpeduncular cistern
What structures drain CSF from the arachnoid space into venous sinuses?
Arachnoid granulations (collections of arachnoid villi)
What is the difference between the dura mater of the spinal cord and the brain?
Spinal cord has no dural periosteal layer, instead has just the meningeal layer which is called the dural sheath
What are the 2 key types of veins that drain into the dural venous sinuses?
Cerebral veins, Emissary veins (from the scalp)
What vessel do the dural venous sinuses ultimately drain into?
The internal jugular vein
What is the location of the superior sagittal sinus?
Lies along the superior margin of the falx cerebri
What sinus does the superior sagittal sinus drain into?
Transverse sinus
What artery is enclosed by the carvenous sinus?
The internal carotid artery
What is the pathway of drainage through the venous sinuses starting at the inferior sagittal sinus?
Inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, internal jugular vein
What is the pathway of drainage through the venous sinuses starting at the superior sagittal sinus?
Superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, internal jugular vein
What are the 2 pathways of drainage through the venous sinuses starting at the carvenous sinus?
- Cavernous sinus, superior petrosal sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, internal jugular vein.
- Cavernous sinus, inferior petrosal sinus, internal jugular vein
What are the 2 arteries that supply the brain?
Internal carotid arteries, Vertebral arteries
What do the left and right vertberal arteries together form?
The basilar artery
What are the 2 branches of the basilar artery?
Left and right posterior cerebral arteries
What are the 3 arteries that complete the circle of willis?
Anterior communicating artery, left and right posterior communicating artery
What parts of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
The anterior 2/3 of the medial aspect of the brain
What parts of the brain does the middle cerebral artery supply?
Almost all of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres
What parts of the brain does the posterior cerebral artery supply?
The posterior 1/3 of the medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres, plus the occipital lobes, inferior temporal lobes and superior brain stem
What are the clinical signs of anterior cerebral artery occlusion?
Contralateral hemiplegia and sensory loss, greatest in the lower limb
What are the clinical signs of middle cerebral artery occlusion?
Contralateral hemiplegia & impaired sensation, most marked int he upper limb and face. Severe aphasia if dominant hemisphere affected.
What are the clinical signs of posterior cerebral artery occlusion?
Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia (visual field loss on the same half of each eye, on the opposite half to the lesion)
What are the 4 ventricles of the ventricular system?
Lateral (x2), Third, Fourth
What are the 4 parts of the lateral ventricles?
Anterior horn, Inferior horn, Posterior horn, Body
What connects the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle?
The interventricular foramen
What connects the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle?
Cerebral aqueduct
Where is CSF produced?
At the choroid plexuses found in each ventricle
What is the path of CSF from production to drainage, starting at the lateral ventricles?
Lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, third ventricles cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, cisterna magna, subarachnoid space, arachnoid granulations, venous sinuses
