LECTURE 5 - Central Dogma Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the copying DNA to make 2 DNA molecules

A

replication

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2
Q

3 general processes of central dogma

A
  1. replication (dna synthesis)
  2. transcription (rna synthesis)
  3. translation (protein synthesis)
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3
Q

DNA are templates for?

A

synthesis of complementary strands

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4
Q

ENZYME

unwinds the dna

A

helicase

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5
Q

ENZYME

prevents DNA from reannealing

A

single strand binding proteins

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6
Q

ENZYME

relaxes twisting tension experienced by DNA after unwinding

A

DNA gyrase

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7
Q

ENZYME

synthesizes short segments of RNA after unwinding

in what direction?

A

primase

5’ to 3’

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8
Q

ENZYME

add nucleotide triphosphates

A

DNA polymerase 3

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9
Q

DIRECTION OF:

  • leading strand
  • lagging strand

+ how many primers are used for each?

A

LEADING: newly synthesized 5’ to 3’ (only 1 primer)
- towards replication fork

LAGGING: newly synthesized 3’ to 5’ (multiple primers)
- away the replication fork

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10
Q

discontinuous segments of complementary DNA

A

okazaki fragments

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11
Q

ENZYME

proofreads DNA molecule

A

DNA polymerase 1

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12
Q

ENZYME

removers primers in DNA after replication

+ what is replaced in those removed primers?

A

DNA polymerase 1

new DNA nucleotides

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13
Q

DNA Polymerase 1, after replacing primers, leaves a ____ or a _____ in the _______ of the _____ DNA segments

which are later joined by the enzyme ____

A
  • break/nick
  • sugar-phosphate backbone
  • replicated

LIGASE

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14
Q

when does replication end?

A

when all the parent DNA nucleotides have been complemented

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15
Q

DIFFERENCE between the central dogma of EUKARYOTES and PROKARYOTES

A

EU:
- transcription occurs in nucleus
- RNA products are transported to cytoplasm for translation

PRO:
- transcription and translation occurs in cytoplasm

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16
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

_____ attaches to a specific sequence in the DNA called a ____ through the help of ____ ____ which recognizes the promoter sequence and later on ____

A
  • RNA polymerase
  • promoter
  • sigma factor
  • dissociates
17
Q

site where transcription starts

A

initiation site

18
Q

what is the DNA strand that mRNA uses as a template to start transcription?

+ what is its direction?

A

anticoding (anti-sense) strand

3’ to 5’

19
Q

what separates the dsDNA in TRANSCRIPTION in order to elongate the mRNA?

A

RNA polymerase

separates the 2 strands while adding complementary nucleotide bases

20
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

As soon as a segment is complemented for the mRNA, the dsDNA template starts to ____

21
Q

TERMINATION OF TRANSCRIPTION

elongation of mRNA ends upon reaching the ____ ____, where the ___ ____ ____ binds to the RNA polymerase and dissociates it from the DNA

A
  • termination point
  • protein factor rho
22
Q

3 types of RNA and function

A
  1. mRNA - template with codons for amino acid sequence
  2. tRNA - carries the anticodon that dictates the amino acid for protein synthesis
  3. rRNA - made of ribosomal proteins that form the ribosomes
23
Q

how many different tRNAs are there?

A

20 for the 20 different amino acids

24
Q

protein synthesizing organelles in cell

25
Q

RIBOSOME IN PROKARYOTES

densities of its:
- small subunit
- large subunit

both of which form the _____ complex

+ 2 sites found in the ribosome
+ which of the subunits can be found on the sites

A

SMALL: 30S

LARGE: 50S

70S complex

2 sites:
A site (amino-acyl/acceptor site) - 50S
P site (peptidyl-binding/donor site)

26
Q

chart that shows what amino acids are coded for

A

genetic code chart

27
Q

formylated met vs met

+ in TRANSLATION INITIAITON, what site of big ribosome subunit do they enter first?

A

fmet: prokaryotes

met: eukaryotes + archaea

P-site

28
Q

one codon = ____ amino acid/s

one amino acid = ____ codon/s

29
Q

a ribosomal binding site in bacterial and archaeal mRNA during TRANSLATION

A

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

30
Q

3 MODELS of DNA REPLICATION

A
  1. CONSERVATIVE model
    - the parental double helix remains intact
    - second all new copy is made
    * basically 1 parent = 1 copy of parent + 1 different copy
  2. SEMI-CONSERVATIVE MODEL
    - the model as we know today
  3. DISPERSIVE MODEL
    - each strand of the daughter dna strands contains a mixture of the genes of old and newly synthesized parts
31
Q

DNA REPLICATION

what do you call complex molecular machine or group of enzymes that replicates DNA?

+ composition (2)
+ what DNA replication model is this found?

A

REPLISOME (basically all enzymes in DNA replication)

  • DNA Polymerase III with 2 catalytic cores
  • Primosome (helicase + primase)
  • trombone model
32
Q

DNA REPLICATION - INITIATION

  • how many origins of replication can DNA have during initiation process?
A
  • can have several replication bubbles
33
Q

DNA REPLICATION - INITATION

  • the Origin of Replication becomes a _____ _____ upon being opened up
A
  • replication bubble
34
Q

DNA REPLICATION

  • 2 significance
A
  • faithfully copying of DNA to produce 2 DNA molecules that are identical to each other and to the parents
  • aids in the transmission of biological info from parent cell to daughter cells