HISTORY OF THE DNA + OTHER SCIENTISTS Flashcards
DETERMINE YEAR
Proteins were thought to be the most important molecules
+ etymology of proteins?
1830
“proteios” Greek (of first importance)
DETERMINE SCIENTIST
first person who found DNA in PUS CELLS while characterizing proteins
Friedrich Miescher
DETERMINE SCIENTIST
discovered that the MOST OBVIOUS CELLULAR COMPONENTS of a cell was the NUCLEUS
Ernst Haeckel
DETERMINE SCIENTIST
discovered that the most important nuclear element handed from cell to cell is the DNA through staining technique
Edmund Wilson
DETERMINE SCIENTIST
detected the TRANSFORMING PRINCPLE from avirulent (R) strain to virulent (S strain) from Streptococcus pneumoniae
Frederick Griffith
DETERMINE SCIENTISTS (3)
identified that the TRANSFORMING PRINCIPLE is DNA through exposure of DNA molecule to proteinase & RNAse (no effect) AND DNAses (transforming ability was lost(
Oswald Avery
Colin Macleod
Maclyn McCarty
DETERMINE SCIENTISTS (2)
proved that DNA is also the genetic material in bacteria thru BLENDER experiments
32P DNA = injected to cell
35S protein coat = remained outside
Alfred Hershey
Martha Chase
DETERMINE SCIENTISTS (3)
further supported that DNA is the genetic material thru TRANSDUCTION EXPERIMENTS (thru bacteriophages) in Salmonella typhimurium
Norton Zinder
Joshua & Esther Lederberg
DETERMINE SCIENTISTS (4)
discovered structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin
Maurice Wilkins
James D Watson
Francis Crick
WHO discovered the ff: (3)
- helical dna strcuture
- sugar phosphate backbone outside
- nucleotides tucked inside
Rosalind Franklin
Maurice Wilkins
Gosling
WHO discovered the ff: (2)
- triple helix
- phosphate in center
James D Watson
Francis Crick
WHO discovered the ff: (1)
- also the triple helix
Linus Pauling
WHO are the other researchers consulted by Watson & Crick + their contributions (3)
- John Griffith - specific pairing and base-stacking
- Erwin Chargaff - 1 purine : 1 pyrimidine
- Jerry Donohue - H in bases can change position + H bonding
DETERMINE SCIENTIST
proposed for the need for a genetic coding system but his proposed system did not work
George Gamow
DETERMINE SCIENTIST
also saw the need for a genetic coding system
Francis Crick
DETERMINE SCIENTIST
made synthetic RNAs using polynucleotide phosphorylase
Marianne Grunberg
DETERMINE SCIENTISTS (2)
produced artificial mRNA and introduced into a cell free system
Marshall Nirenberg & Johann Heinrich Matthaei
DETERMINE SCIENTIST
constructed synthetic mRNA with different repeating nucleotide combinations
Har Gobind Khorona
DETERMINE SCIENTISTS (2)
found out that among the 3 proposed DNA replication models, the “semi-conservative” mode is the answer.
experimented with grew E coli in 15N and 14N and isolated DNA then centrifuged it it cesium chloride
Matthew Meselson
Franklin Stahl
DETERMINE SCIENTIST
conrat and B. singer experiment
Heinz Fraenkel
DETERMINE SCIENTIST
quantitative geneticist that viewed genes as HYPOTHETICAL entities and a CHEMICAL COMPOUND
R. A. Fischer
DETERMINE SCIENTIST
1st evidence of specific relationship between gene and enzyme?
Archibald Garrod
DETERMINE SCIENTIST
studied ALKAPTONURIA (turns urine to black upon exposure to air)
Archibald Garrod
FIND THE DEFECTIVE ENZYME FOR:
cretinism
iodotyrosine deiodinase
FIND THE DEFECTIVE ENZYME FOR:
galactosemia
gal 1 p uridyl transferase
FIND THE DEFECTIVE ENZYME FOR:
huntington’s disease
glutamic acid decarboxylase
FIND THE DEFECTIVE ENZYME FOR:
jaundice
glucoronyl transferase
FIND THE DEFECTIVE ENZYME FOR:
albinism
tyrosinase
FIND THE DEFECTIVE ENZYME FOR:
phenylketonuria
phenylalanine hydroxylase
DETERMINE SCIENTIST (2)
one-gene-one enzyme hypothesis
- further modified into?
- then further modified into?
George Beadle
Edward Tatum
- one-gene-one protein hypothesis
- one-gene-one polypeptide hypothesis
DETERMINE SCIENTIST
- colinearity of a gene and protein
- linear correspondence between DNA sequence + order of amino acid
Yanofsky et al.
DETERMINE SCIENTISTS (2)
- identified the 21st amino acid (UGA - selenocysteine)
Atkins
Gestleland
DETERMINE SCIENTISTS (2)
- identified the 22nd amino acid (UAG - pyrolysine)
Atkins
Gestleland
