Lecture 1: History of Genetics Flashcards
PRE-BEGINNING OF GENETICS
- main event
- year
- author (if applicable)
- sub-events
(6)
BEFORE 1860s
- blending theory of inheritance (offspring are intermediate of parents)
- COUNTER: “not true if offspring is similar to 1 parent)
GOLDEN AGE OF GREEK CULTURE (500-300 BC)
- reproduction and heredity was studied
THEORY OF PANGENESIS
- or “Greek theory of inheritance”
- hippocrates, darwin, aristotle
-> all structure of the body organs contribute small copies of themselves to the sex cells
THEORY OF INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED TRAITS (1801)
- jean-baptiste de lamarck
-> acquired body modifications in person’s lifetime is passed on
GERMPLASM THEORY
- august weismann
-> only structural plans for the body organs are passed on to the sex cells
KOLREUTER, GARDNER, NAUDIN, DARWIN,
- uniformity in F1
- variations in F2
BEGINNING OF CLASSICAL GENETICS
- main event
- year
- author (if applicable)
- sub-events
(7)
FATHER OF GENETICS (1865)
- gregor mendel
- concept of the gene
- presence of discrete hereditary unit
- explains similarities and differences among parents and offspring
REDISCOVERY OF MENDEL (1900)
- Carl Correns, Erick von Tschermack, Hugo de Vries
- duplicated mendel’s experiments on other plants
MENDEL’S PRINCIPLES ON ANIMALS (1902)
- William Bateson
- Saunders
- Lucien Cuenot
CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE (1903)
- Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri
-> genes are on chromosomes, that passes to next generations
CONCEPT OF LINKAGE (1910 - 1916)
- Thomas Hunt Morgan and Calvin Bridges
-> the tendency of genes to be inherited together because they are close together on a chromosome
DNA AS HEREDITARY MATERIAL (1944)
- Oswald Avery
- Colin Macleod
- Maclyn McCarty
ELUCIDATION OF DNA STRUCTURE (1953)
- James Watson
- Francis Crick
-> DNA w/ double helix
2 MAIN PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS
+ author
GREGOR MENDEL
- Law of Segregation
- each diploid individual has a pair of alleles for a trait - Law of Independent Assortment
- the alleles of 2 (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently
6 APPLICATIONS OF GENETICS
- Microbial, Plant, and Animal Improvement (GMOs)
- Medicine
- Gene Therapy
- Human Gene Editing
- Genetic Counseling
- Legal Application (blood type analysis; DNA fingerprinting)
EUGENICS vs EUPHENICS
EUGENICS:
- Francis Galton
- application of genetic knowledge for improvement of human race (aims only “desirable traits” through alteration and selective breeding)
- BUT w/ ethical issues
EUPHENICS
- replaced eugenics
- improving an individual’s existing traits without altering genes
7 PEA characteristics experimented by mendel
- seed shape (round v wrinkled)
- seed color (yellow v green)
- pod shape (inflated v constricted)
- pod color (green v yellow)
- flower color (purple v white)
- plant size (tall v dwarf)
- position of flowers (axial v terminal)
CORRELATION between chromosomes and MENDELIAN FACTOR
- Chromosomes AND Mendelian factors exist in pairs
- Homologous chromosomes AND Mendelian factors separate at anaphase 1
- Fertilization restores the diploid chromosome #
