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Animal Health and Disease & Animal and Vet Genetics > Lecture 5 ANI SCI 320 : Pathogenesis of Infections Bacteria > Flashcards

Lecture 5 ANI SCI 320 : Pathogenesis of Infections Bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Koch’s Postulates?

A

Set of rules used to define infectious agents!

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2
Q

What are the 4 principles to koch’s postulates?

Understand exceptions to these!

A
  1. The MO must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms
  2. The MO must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture
  3. The cultured MO should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism
  4. The MO must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
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3
Q

TRUE of FALSE? Most of the bacteria in the world is harmful?

A

FALSE

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4
Q

What does the bacterial taxonomy show us?

A

The spectrum of helpful and harmful bacteria

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5
Q

What are the primary bacterial shapes? What are the 2 intermediate shapes?

A

Primary
1. Coccus
2. Bacillus
3. Spiral

Intermediate
1. Coccobacillus
2. Vibrio

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6
Q

What are the 3 general bacterial shapes?

A
  1. Spheres - Cocci
  2. Rods - Bacilli
  3. Spirals
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7
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of Flagella?

A
  1. Presence is species/strain dependent
  2. Motility
  3. Number and arrangements vary
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8
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of Pili/ Fimbriae?

A
  1. Hair-like
  2. fimbriae shorter than pili
  3. Adhere and attach to surfaces
  4. F or sex pilus used for transfer of genetic materials from one bacteria to another
  5. Can provide resistance against engulfment by phagocytes
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9
Q

Gram negative bacteria cell wall structure….

A

THIN
Has LPS
Has toxins

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10
Q

Gram positive bacteria cell wall structure….

A

THICK
Peptidoglycan wall
STIFF

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11
Q

Gram negative bacteria stains…..

A

Pink

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12
Q

Gram positive bacteria stains…..

A

Purple

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13
Q

What are the 5 pts in bacterial reproduction?

A
  1. Cell replicates DNA
  2. Cytoplasmic membrane elongates separating DNA molecules
  3. Cross wall forms membrane invaginates
  4. Cross wall forms completely
  5. Daughter cells
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14
Q

What bacteria can form endospores and under what conditions?

A

Gram positive bacteria under stressful environments

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15
Q

What is special about endospores?

A
  1. They can survive environmental assaults that would normally kill the bacterium
  2. Endospores make them of particular importance because they are not readily killed by many antimicrobial treatments
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16
Q

What is a true pathogen?

A

Infectious agent that causes disease in virtually any susceptible host

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17
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

Normally harmless and causes disease when the normal flora is disrupted or when the host is immunocompromised

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18
Q

What is the bacterial pathogenesis cycle for true pathogens?

A
  1. Transmission
  2. Adhesion
  3. Invasion
  4. Survival in the host
  5. Pathology to host
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19
Q

What is the bacterial pathogenesis cycle for opportunistic pathogens?

A
  1. Transmission
  2. Colonization
  3. Invasion
  4. Survival in the host
  5. Pathology to host
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20
Q

What does adhesion involve on the molecular level?

A

Involves surface interactions between specific receptors on the host cell membrane and ligands on the bacterial surface.

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21
Q

Why is adhesion important in terms of colonization?

A

Adhesion is often an essential preliminary step to colonization and then penetration through tissues

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22
Q

Bacterial adhesion has…

A

Non specific surface properties

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23
Q

When is non specific adherence? What is it commonly known as?

A

Reversible attachment to the surface

Commonly known as “docking”

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24
Q

What is specific adherence?
What is commonly known as?

A

Anchoring

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25
Q

What is tissue tropism?

A

Particular bacteria are known to have an apparent preference for certain tissues over others

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26
Q

What is species specificity?

A

Certain pathogenic bacteria infect only certain species of animals

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27
Q

What is genetic specificity within a species?

A

Certain strains or races within a specie are generally immune to a pathogen

28
Q

What are the 8 basic adherence factors?

A
  1. Adhesion
  2. Receptor
  3. Lectin
  4. Ligand
  5. Mucous
  6. Fimbriae
  7. Common Pili
  8. Sex Pilus
29
Q

What is the description for ahesion?

A

A surface structure or macromolecule that binds a bacterium to a specific surface

30
Q

What is the description for a receptor?

A

A complementary macromolecular binding site on a eukaryotic surface that binds specific adhesions or ligands

31
Q

What is the description for lectin?

A

Any protein that binds to a carbohydrate

32
Q

What is the description for Ligand?

A

A surface molecule that exhibits specific binding to a receptor molecule on another surface

33
Q

What is the description for mucous?

A

the mucopolysaccharide layer of glucosaminoglycans covering animal cell mucosal surfaces

34
Q

What is the description for Fimbriae?

A

Filamentous proteins on surface of bacterial cells that often have adhesions for specific adherence

35
Q

What is the description for common pili?

A

Filamentous proteins on surface of bacterial cells that often have adhesions for specific adherence

36
Q

What is the description for sex pilus?

A

A specialized pilus that binds mating procaryotes together for the purpose of DNA transfer

37
Q

What is the description for Type 1 Fimbriae?

A

Fimbriae in Enterobacteriaceae which bind specifically to mannose terminated glycoproteins on eukaryotic cell surfaces

38
Q

What is the description for Type 4 Pili?

A

Pili in certain Gram - and Gram +. In pseudomonas thought to play a role in adherence and biofilm formation

39
Q

What is the description for S layer?

A

Proteins that form the outermost cell envelope component of a broad spectrum of bacteria enabling them to adhere to host cell membranes and environmental surfaces

40
Q

What is the description for Glycocalyx?

A

A layer of exopolysaccharide fibers on the surface of bacterial cells which may be involved in adherence to a surface. Sometimes a general term for capsule.

41
Q

What is the description for capsule?

A

A detectable layer of polysaccharide on the surface of a bacterial cell which may mediate specific or non specific attachment

42
Q

What is the description for Lipopolysaccharide?

A

A distinct cell wall component of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria with the potential structural diversity to mediate specific adherence. Probably functions as an adhesin

43
Q

Where do biofilms form?

A

Form on tissue surfaces and inanimate surfaces

44
Q

What is a facultative intracellular pathogen?

A

Can exist inside or outside the cell

45
Q

What is an obligate intracellular pathogen?

A

Will invade cell right away because they CANNOT exist outside the cell

46
Q

What is an extracellular pathogen?

A

Can exist outside the cell ONLY

47
Q

Bacterial invasion is…..

A

Penetration of host cells and tissues

48
Q

How is bacterial invasion mediated?

A

Complex array of molecules “invasions”

49
Q

What are spreading factors?

A

A descriptive term for a family of bacterial enzymes that affect the physical properties of tissue matrices and intercellular spaces, thereby promoting the spread of the pathogen

50
Q

What is an exotoxin?

A

Protein that is produced inside pathogenic bacteria and is normally gram positive

During log phase they are secreted into the surrounding medium

51
Q

What are the most powerful human poisons known and retain high activity during high dilutions?

A

Exotoxins

52
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

Lipid portions of LPS that are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria.

The endotoxins are liberated when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart

53
Q

What is the source for
a. exotoxins
b. endotoxins

A

a. GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA
b GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA

54
Q

What is the regulation to microorganism for both
a. exotoxins
b. endotoxins

A

a. Metabolic product of a growing cell
b. Present in LPS of outer membrane of cell wall and released with destruction of cell or during cell division

55
Q

What is the chemistry for both
a. exotoxins
b. endotoxins

A

a. Proteins usually two parts
b. Lipid portion A of LPS of outer membrane

56
Q

What is the pharmacology/ effect on the body for both
a. exotoxins
b. endotoxins

A

a. Specific for a particular cell structure or function in the host (mainly affects cell functions, nerves, and GI tract)
b. General such as a fever, weakness, aches, and shock

57
Q

What is the heat stability for both
a. exotoxins
b. endotoxins

A

a. unstable at hight temps
b. stable at high temps

58
Q

What is the toxicity of both
a. exotoxins
b. endotoxins

A

a. High
b. low

59
Q

Do the below toxins produce fevers?
a. exotoxins
b. endotoxins

A

a. No
b. Yes

60
Q

What is the immunology of both
a. exotoxins
b. endotoxins

A

a. Can be converted to toxoids to immunize against toxin neutralized by antitoxin
b. Not easily neutralized by antitoxin therefore effective toxoids cannot be made to immunize against toxin

61
Q

What is the lethal does for both
a. exotoxins
b. endotoxins

A

a. Small dose
b. Considerably large dose

62
Q

What is a representative disease for both
a. exotoxins
b. endotoxins

A

a. Gas gangrene, tetanus, ect
b. Typhoid fever, UTI, ect

63
Q

What are the 3 direct mechanisms of tissue damage by pathogens?

A
  1. Exotoxin production
  2. Endotoxin
  3. Direct Cytopathic Effect
64
Q

What are the 3 indirect mechanism of tissue damage by pathogens?

A
  1. Immune Complexes
  2. Anti-host antibody
  3. Cell mediated immunity
65
Q
A

Animal Health and Disease & Animal and Vet Genetics (18 decks)

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