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Animal Health and Disease & Animal and Vet Genetics > ANI SCI 320 Lecture 14 : Adaptive Immune-T Cell Development and Function > Flashcards

ANI SCI 320 Lecture 14 : Adaptive Immune-T Cell Development and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 stages of the adaptive immune response?

A
  1. Establishment of Infection
  2. Induction of adaptive response
  3. Adaptive Immune Response
  4. Immunological Memory
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2
Q

What type of cell develops from bone marrow for the adaptive immune system?

A

Lymphoid Progenitor Cell

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3
Q

What cells are derived from the lymphoid progenitor cell?

A
  1. T Cell
  2. B Cell
  3. NK Cell
  4. Plasma Cell
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4
Q

What is the purpose of T cells?

A

To recognize specific antigen fragments presented by other cells and orchestrate immune responses to eliminate pathogens, infected cells, and abnormal cells

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5
Q

What is the vast diversity in function between different T cell subsets?

A

To ensure that responses are tailored to the specific need

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6
Q

How are types of T cells generated?

A

Stem cells is developed from the bone marrow, that then gives rise to the lymphoid cell. Through the thymus the lymphoid cell generates the T cell

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7
Q

During the process selection what happens to the lymphoid progenitors?

A

The progenitors either become CD4+ T helper cell or CD8+ Cytotoxic T cell

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8
Q

What is TCR?

A

Multi-subunit surface protein

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9
Q

What region within the T cell receptor contains specificity?

A

Variable Region

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10
Q

How does a T Cell recognize a specific antigen?

A

T Cell Receptors

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11
Q

How is diversity of TCR accomplished?

A

Unique random genetic rearrangement of germline gene segments

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12
Q

How are functional receptors created during T cell development?

A

Thymus by randomly choosing V, D, and J gene segment

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13
Q

When progenitor T cell arrives in the thymus what activates the RAG genes?

A

Thymic Factors

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14
Q

What do RAG genes code for and what does it do?

A

Codes for recombinase enzyme that induces recombination of germline encoded DNA

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15
Q

What is junctional diversification?

A

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) binds V-D-J sections by randomly adding new bases

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16
Q

Where does junctional diversification occur?

A

Alpha and beta chains of the TCR

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17
Q

Gene recombination only happens in what cells?

A

T and B cells

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18
Q

How is TCR repertoire allowed to recognize millions of different antigens from a limited coding region of the DNA?

A

Gene rearrangement

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19
Q

2/3 of the time what will junctional diversification result in?

A

Non-functional TCR

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20
Q

What is MHC?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules present antigens to T cells

21
Q

What are the two classes of MHC?

A
  1. MHC I (INTRACELLULAR) - expressed in tall nucleated cells present antigens to CD8+ T cells
  2. MHC II (EXTRACELLULAR) - expressed by antigen presenting cells APCs present antigens to CD4+ T cells
22
Q

T cells recognize ______ MHC molecules?

A

Own

23
Q

How is MHC complex able to contain several polygenic genes that are involved in antigen presentation to T cells?

A

It is an extended genetic locus

24
Q

What is MHC called in humans and where is it located?

A

HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) Located on Chromosome 6
BoLA (Bovine Leukocyte Antigen) Located on chromosome 23

25
Q

Why is MHC known as polymorphic?

A

each gene in the MHC locus has several alleles within the population

26
Q

What is co-dominant expression?

A

Alleles from each haplotype are expressed in any one individual

27
Q

“Polygeny”, “Polymorphism”, and “Co-dominant expression” ensure what?

A

a diversity of MHC molecules
providing protection of a populations from a virtually unlimited diversity of microbes and therefore
prevents loss of entire populations from emerging infections.

28
Q

What is the main function of the MHC class I molecule?

A

Present peptides to CD8+ T-
lymphocytes, which kill virus-infected cells

29
Q

What do MHC Class I Molecules have?

A

Alpha chain associated
noncovalently with a β2-microglobulin chain

30
Q

How do MHC Class I Molecules work?

A

1.Viral peptides produced
within the cell are digested
by proteosome

  1. Antigen peptide fragments
    are transported to endoplasmic
    reticulum with the help of TAP
    (Transporter protein) and ”loaded” into
    MHC-I
  2. When MHC-I binds to an antigen it detaches
    from TAP and migrates from ER to cell
    surface
31
Q

What is the MHC Class II molecules expressed?

A

only on “professional”
antigen presenting cells such us DCs
and Macrophages

32
Q

What are the main functions of the MHC Class II Molecule?

A

present antigens
derived from extracellular pathogens to
CD4+ T cells, which once stimulated
activate macrophages and B cells to
generate inflammatory and antibody
responses, respectively

33
Q

How do MHC Class II Molecules work?

A

Anitgen presenting cells and macrophages engulf pathogens and degrade then and are loading into the MHC Class II and taken to the ER and then presented on the surface of the cell

34
Q

How does T Cell Development in the Thymus work?

A
  1. A gene present in the thymus
    allows thymic epithelial cells
    to express many self antigens
    to developing T cells
  2. If a double positive
    developing T cell engages
    first with MHC-II it commits
    to CD4+
  3. If they bind with high affinity
    to MHC they are eliminated
35
Q

What is central tolerance?

A

Self-reactive T cells are
allowed to survive and develop into
regulatory T cells that promote and
maintain tolerance towards self
antigens

36
Q

What is Peripheral Tolerance?

A

In the periphery certain signals from
antigen presenting cells can induce
naive T cells to differentiate into
regulatory cells

37
Q

Once a T cells recognizes an antigen what happens to naive T cells?

A

Naive cells differentiate into several functional classes of effector T cells that are specialized for different activities

38
Q

What do CD8 T cells recognize?

A

Pathogen peptides
presented by MHC class I molecules

39
Q

What do Naive CD8 T cells differentiate into?

A

Cytotoxic
effector T cells that recognize and kill infected
cells

40
Q

What cells don’t have MHC I?

A

Red Blood Cells (no nucleus)

41
Q

TRUE or FALSE? CD4 T cells have a more flexible repertoire of
effector activities?

A

TRUE

42
Q

What are the main CD4 effector subsets?

A

H1, TH2, TH17,
and TFH, which activate their target cells

43
Q

Regulatory T cells, or Treg cells inhibit what?

A

The
extent of immune activation.
T cell function: CD4 T cells

44
Q

γδ T cells are characterized by…

A
  1. Unconventional T cells
  2. Major subset in calves (40-60% lymphocytes)
  3. Directly bind antigen
  4. Not MHC restricted
45
Q

Effector γδ T cells, WC1.1+ are involved in?

A

Early protection against intracellular infections while αβ T cell effector function is blunted

46
Q

Regulatory γδ T cells, WC1.2+ are involved in?

A

Immune Tolerance
(IL-10, TGF-β)

47
Q

What are the 3 Steps of T cell activation?

A
  1. APCs present antigens to T cells in context of MHC molecules

2.Level of expression of B7 on APC dictated by inflammatory signals
influence T cell polarization

  1. Secreted co-stimulatory signals from APCs determines CD4 T cell fate
48
Q

What leads to development of peripheral tolerance?

A

no inflammatory signals APCs don’t express B7

49
Q

What leads to the development of the effector function?

A

Inflammatory signals prime APC activation B7 expression increases

Animal Health and Disease & Animal and Vet Genetics (18 decks)

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