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Animal Health and Disease & Animal and Vet Genetics > ANI SCI 320 Lecture 8 : Protozoa > Flashcards

ANI SCI 320 Lecture 8 : Protozoa Flashcards

EXAM 2

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1
Q

What is paramecium?

A

A protozoan

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2
Q

Where is paramecium abundant?

A

Freshwater, brackish, and marine enviornments

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3
Q

What protozoan is readily cultivated and widely used in classrooms and laboratories to study biological processes?

A

Paramecium

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4
Q

What is dictyostelium discoideum?

A

Protozoa of soil living amoeba
Referred to as “slime mold”

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5
Q

Protozoan parasites are what kind of organisms?

A

Eukaryotic

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6
Q

How many protozoan species are parasitic in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts?

A

11,000 species

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7
Q

Most protozoa are ________ organisms.

A

Microscopic organisms

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8
Q

Protozoa nutrition is…..

A

Holozoic via osmotrophy or phagocytosis

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9
Q

What are the 4 groups that classifies protozoan?

A
  1. Sarcodina (ameba)
  2. Mastigophora (flagellates)
  3. Sporozoa
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10
Q

What is sporozoa?

A

Organisms whose adult stage is not motile

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11
Q

What are the 4 protozoan classes?

A
  1. Amoebae
  2. Flagellates
  3. Ciliates
  4. Sporozoa
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12
Q

What is special about amoebae?

A

Uses pseudopodia to creep or crawl over solid substrates

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13
Q

What is special about flagellates?

A

Use elongate flagella which undulate to propel the cell through liquid environments

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14
Q

What is special about ciliates?

A

Use numerous small cilia which undulate in waves allowing cells to swim in fluids

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15
Q

What is special about sporozoa?

A

Form non-motile spores as transmission stages

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16
Q

Protozoan life cycles have….

A

short generation times
enormous reproductive potential and rapidly cause acute disease

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17
Q

Asexual reproduction occurs in….

A

Intermediate hosts

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18
Q

What are 3 terms associated with asexual reproduction in protozoa?
What do they mean?

A
  1. Budding - outgrowth of a mature cell grows and becomes a new daughter cell
  2. Binary Fission - one nuclear division gives rise to two daughter cells
  3. Schizogony - Multiple fission - nucleus divides repeatedly allowing cell to give rise to many daughter cells
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19
Q

Sexual reproduction occurs in…..

A

indefinite hosts

20
Q

What is the term associated with sexual reproduction?
What does it mean?

A

Conjugation - cells that have undergone a reduction division fuse, exchange haploid micronuclei and separate - each gives rise to two daughter cells

21
Q

TRUE or FALSE : Some protozoa have complex life cycles?

A

TRUE

22
Q

What can make the life cycle of a protozoa complex?

A

Requiring two different hosts species; others require only a single host to complete the life cycle

23
Q

Asexual Reproduction produces only….

A

Diploid organisms

24
Q

Sexual reproduction undergoes…

A

Alternation of generation

25
Q

What is a trophozoite?

A

Animal that feeds

26
Q

What are 4 characteristics of a trophozoite?

A
  1. Active, feeding, multiplying stage of most protozoa
  2. May be found intracellularly or extracellularly
  3. Stage usually associated with pathogenesis
  4. Not very resistant to external environment conditions and do not survive long outside of their hosts
27
Q

What is a cyst?
(what are some characteristics about this process)

A

Process encystment
- formed by only some protozoa
-can contain one or more infective forms
- multiplication can occur in the cysts of some species excystation releases more than one organism
-cysts released into the environment have a protective wall

28
Q

What is a Oocyst?

A

A hardy thick walled stage of the life cycle of some protozoa and this stage results from sexual reproduction

29
Q

How are oocysts passed?

A

Oocysts of some protozoans are passed in the feces from the host

30
Q

Oocysts of plasmodium develop where?

A

In the body cavity of a mosquito vector

31
Q

What are the four different modes of transmission for protozoan infections?

A
  1. Direct Transmission
  2. Fecal oral transmission
  3. Vector-borne Transmission
  4. Predator-prey Transmission
32
Q

What is direct transmission?

A

Trophozoites go through intimate body contact such as sexual reproduction

33
Q

What is Fecal-Oral transmission?

A

Enviornmentally-resistant cyst stages passed in feces of one host and ingested with food/water by another

34
Q

What is vector borne transmission?

A

Trophozoites taken up by blood-sucking arthropods and passed to new hosts when they next feed

35
Q

What is predator-prey transmission?

A

Zoites encysted within the tissues of a prey animal being eaten by a predator which subsequently sheds spores into the environment to be ingested by new prey animals

36
Q

What are the 5 protozoan escape mechanisms?

A
  1. Antigenic Masking
  2. Blocking of Serum Factors
  3. Intracellular Location
  4. Antigenic Variation
  5. Immunosuppression
37
Q

What is antigenic masking?

A

Ability of a parasite to escape immune detection by covering itself with host antigens

38
Q

What is blocking of serum factors?

A

Some parasites acquire a coating of antigen-antibody complexes or noncytotoxic antibodies that sterically blocks the binding of specific antibody or lymphocytes to the parasite surface antigens

39
Q

What is intracellular location?

A

The intracellular habitat of some protozoan parasites protects them from the direct effects of the hosts immune response. By concealing the parasite antigens, this strategy also delays detection by the immune system

40
Q

What is Antigenic Variation?

A

Some protozoan parasite change their surface antigens during the course of an infection. Parasites carrying the new antigens escape the immune response to the original antigens

41
Q

What is immunosuppression?

A

Parasitic protozoan infections generally produce some degree of host immunosuppression. This reduced immune response may delay detection of antigenic variants. It may also reduce the ability of the immune system to inhibit the growth of and/or to kill the parasite

42
Q

What is cellular tissue and organ damage via protozoa?

A

Extracellular or intracellular parasites that destroy cells while feeding can lead to organ dysfunction and serious or life threatening consequences

43
Q

What is toxic protozoal products?

A

Toxins associated with some protozoa can cause fever and chills

44
Q

What is interference with host function?

A

Some parasites that inhabit the small intestine can significantly interfere with digestion and absorption and affect the nutritional status of the host

45
Q

What is delayed type hypersensitivity?

A

Pathology as a consequence of immune response mediated by antigen-specific effector T cells

46
Q

What is immunosuppression?

A

Host is susceptible to secondary infection

Animal Health and Disease & Animal and Vet Genetics (18 decks)

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