ANI SCI 320 Lecture 12 : Introduction to Immunology and the Innate Immune System

Question 1

What is immunology?

Answer 1

The study of the body’s defense against infection

Question 2

The immune system is composed of…..

Answer 2

Specialized cell types and organized structures that coordinate defense mechanisms

Question 3

1. Who is the father of immunology?
2. What did he accomplish?

Answer 3

1. Edward Jenner
2. Developed the first vaccine against small pox in the 18th century by infecting a patient with cowpox and demonstrating that the patient became immune to small pox

Question 4

1. Who developed the first vaccine against rabies?
2. How was this vaccine achieved?
3. What did this person prove?

Answer 4

1. Louis Pastuer
2. Done by attenuating the rabies virus making it less harmful -» then vaccinate
3. Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms

Question 5

Who worked on tuberculosis and anthrax that led to significant breakthroughs in our understanding of these diseases?

Answer 5

Robert Koch

Question 6

Several immune factors function in concert to do what 4 things?

Answer 6

1. Stratify luminal microbes
2. Minimize bacterial-epithelial cell contact
3. Tolerance towards food antigens and commensal MO
4. Prevent the induction of unnecessary systemic immune responses

Question 7

Intestinal barriers are made up of what cell types?

Answer 7

1. Enterocytes - absorptive
2. Goblet cells - mucus producing
3. Paneth cells - found in crypts
4. Microfold (M) cells - facilitate maintenance of intestinal tolerance

Question 8

What are the components of barrier function?

Answer 8

1. Epithelial cell shedding
2. Unidirectional flushing

Question 9

What is the significance to the intestinal barrier having a high surface area?

Answer 9

It is the main entrance for any infectious disease

Question 10

What is the juntional complex?

Answer 10

Transcellular proteins connected through adaptor proteins to the actin cytoskeleton

Question 11

The junctional complex is important for what?

Answer 11

maintaining cell polarity

Question 12

What are desomosomes?

Answer 12

Localized dense plaques that are connected to keratin filaments

Question 13

Glycoproteins produce…..

Answer 13

mucin secreted by goblet cells

Question 14

What are the 2 layers of mucin?

Answer 14

1. Outer layer : colonized by MO
2. Inner layer : high concentrations of antimicrobial peptides prevents microbial colonization

Question 15

The presence of MO close to the epithelial surfaces are recognized by APCs via what?

Answer 15

PRRs

Question 16

Activated DC stimulates what by the secretion of innate lymphoid cells?

Answer 16

IL-22

Question 17

What is the purpose of microbial sensing of intestinal environment?

Answer 17

Stimulates epithelial cell proliferation and the secretion of antimicrobial peptides (Defensins, REGIII, Lectoferricin)

Question 18

AMPs act as what?
What does it form?

Answer 18

lytic enzymes disturbing microbial cell membrane and forms pores

Question 19

What are Pattern Recognition Receptors? (PRRs)

Answer 19

Several germline encoded receptors used to recognize different MAMPS

Question 20

Sensing of MAMPS through PRRs induces what?

Answer 20

1. Tissue repair
2. Epithelial cell proliferation

Question 21

What is Lamina Propria?

Answer 21

Part of the immunological barrier that is loose connective tissue and contains several immune cells

Question 22

What immune cells are present in the Lamina Propria?

Answer 22

1. Antigen Presenting Cells (ACPs)
2. T/B Cells
3. Innate Lymphoid Cells
4. Other immune mediators

Question 23

What is the Pre-NGS Period in terms of research?

Answer 23

Microbiology in the sense of what types of diseases each microbe caused

Question 24

What is the Post-NGS Period in terms of research?

Answer 24

Understand of all MO in a sample through genome sequencing and how they interact with the immune system

Question 25

The intestinal microbiota has likely evolved under….

Answer 25

selective pressure to effectively degrade undigestible plant carbohydrates enhancing the host digestive efficiency

Question 26

What kind of communication is between the host and intestinal microbiota?

Answer 26

Bidirectional communication

Question 27

What are mucin glycans for some bacteria?

Answer 27

Nutrients

Question 28

Niche Occupation and Competitive exclusion helps…

Answer 28

Establish a physical barrier (Niche Occupation) excluding potential pathogens

Question 29

What happens to the pH with the production of SCFAs acetate and lactate?

Answer 29

pH decresaes

Question 30

Hematopoiesis in the bone marrow includes?

Answer 30

1. Production of blood cells
2. Myeloid
3. Lymphoid

Question 31

Maturation of lymphocytes occurs in…

Answer 31

Central Lymphoid Organs

Question 32

Where does maturation occur for T cells?

Answer 32

Thymus

Question 32

Where does maturation occur for B cells

Answer 32

Bone marrow of mammals (Bursa of Fabricius in birds)

Question 33

All lymphoid and myeloid cells are derived from…..

Answer 33

hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

Question 34

Lymphoid and myeloid cells in circulation are collectively referred to as…..

Answer 34

Leukocytes or WBCs

Question 35

How are cells differentiated by? What are the 4 different clusters?

Answer 35

1. Appearance and surface markers
2. CD4, CD8, T cell receptor, B cell receptor

Question 36

Innate Immunity is….

Answer 36

Fast and Non Specific

Question 37

Adaptive Immunity is……

Answer 37

Slow and first exposure specific and develops and a memory