ANI SCI 320 Lecture 17 : Maternal Transfer of Immunity and Vaccination

Question 1

Immunity first branches off into what two types?

Answer 1

1. Adaptive
2. Innate

Question 2

From adaptive immunity what are the next two branches?

Answer 2

1. Natural - Passive/Active
2. Artificial - Passive/Active

Question 3

TRUE or FALSE? Passive Immunity gives rapid protection within 48 hours but protection is usually temporary

Answer 3

TRUE

Question 4

What are the 3 ways you can transfer maternal anitbodies?

Answer 4

1. Placenta
2. Colostrum
3. Breast Milk

Question 5

Do maternal antibodies have memory?

Answer 5

No memory is lost once antibodies degrade?

Question 6

TRUE or FALSE? ALL animals are capable of trans-placental transfer of antibodies?

Answer 6

FALSE

Question 7

How does Immunoglobulin Therapy work?

Answer 7

Administration of immunoglobulins for post exposure prophylaxis

Question 8

Immunoglobulin Therapy involves what specifically?

Answer 8

Blood derived products

Question 9

What does Immunoglobulin Therapy treat?

Answer 9

Some immunodeficiencies and immune disorders

Question 10

What is Variolation?

Answer 10

First method used to immunize an individual against small pox

Question 11

Who discovered how resistance to small pox worked?

Answer 11

Edward Jenner

Question 12

What is a vaccine?

Answer 12

Preparation of pathogen or its products that elicits an immune response

Question 13

What do vaccines establish?

Answer 13

Immune memory without the pathogenic events

Question 14

Priming dose is involved in what response where as Booster dose is involved in what other response.

Answer 14

Primary response, and secondary response

Question 15

What is a booster dose?

Answer 15

Additional vaccine dose administered after the priming dose

Question 16

Why are boosters given?

Answer 16

Given to increase antibodies and capacity for a strong immune response if the primary dose is insufficient

Question 17

What are the 3 individual goals of vaccination?

Answer 17

1. Decrease severity of clinical signs after exposure
2. Decrease shedding of pathogen
3. Increase total number of pathogens needed to cause illness in a vaccinated individual

Question 18

What are the 2 population goals of vaccination?

Answer 18

1. Not all individuals can be vaccinated
2. Herd immunity develops when critical portion of population is immune for disease - protection of unvaccinated individuals

Question 19

What are the 7 requirements to a perfect vaccine?

Answer 19

1. Must be safe
2. Give long lasting protection
3. Protect against both illness and death
4. Prevent shedding
5. Provide rapid protection
6. Low cost stable and easy to administer
7. Can differentiate from infected from vaccinated

Question 20

What are the 4 types of vaccine?

Answer 20

1. Attenuated Whole Agent Vaccines
2. Inactivated Whole Agent Vaccines
3. Subunit
4. Toxoid

Question 21

What types of subunits are there?

Answer 21

Recombinant - Antigen inserted into another virus vector
Conjugated - Carbohydrate antigen attached to a protein to help immune system to see the poor antigenic component

Question 22

What is a toxoid?

Answer 22

Inactivated toxin used as a vaccine

Question 23

What is an attenuated vaccine?

Answer 23

Weakened from of a pathogen that stimulates both humoral and cellular immunity

Question 24

What are the advantages of attenuated vaccines?

Answer 24

Single dose that usually induced long lasting immunity and can immunize other via shedding

Question 25

What are the disadvantages of attenuated vaccines?

Answer 25

Can sometimes cause illness in vaccine recipient

Question 26

What are inactivated vaccines?

Answer 26

Unable to replicate “killed” that primarily stimulate humoral immunity

Question 27

What are advantages of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 27

Cannot cause infections or revert to pathogenic forms and generally safer

Question 28

What are disadvantages of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 28

No replication so no amplification in vivo less robust immune response
Cannot spread vaccine via shedding
Several booster doses needed

Question 29

What are subunit vaccines?

Answer 29

Break virus into components, immunize with purified components and clone appropriate viral genes

Question 30

What are the advantages to subunit vaccines?

Answer 30

1. Proteins produced by recombinant DNA technology
2. Contain no viral genomes that can replicate or escape
3. No contamination with infectious virus of foreign proteins

Question 31

What are disadvantages to subunit vaccines?

Answer 31

Expensive and poor antigenicity

Question 32

What are adjuvants?

Answer 32

non specific stimulators of the the immune system that are added to improve vaccine response

Question 33

What are the mechanisms of action for adjuvants?

Answer 33

1. Depot Effects - Localization of antigen to the sit of inoculation
2. Surface Effects - through presentation of antigen as particles
3. Inflammation Effects - direct stimulation of the immune response

Question 34

What vaccines are adjuvants essential for and what vaccines are they less commonly required for?

Answer 34

Essential for inactivated vaccine
Less commonly required for attenuated vaccines

Question 35

What are the 5 routes of administrations for vaccines?

Answer 35

1. Oral
2. Intranasal
3. Intradermal
4. Mass Delivery - aerosol or water
5. In ovo for poultry

Question 36

What is a therapeutic index?

Answer 36

Risk-versus-benefit of receiving vaccine

Question 37

What are side effects of some vaccines?

Answer 37

1. Mild - fatigue swelling pain at site
2. Severe - allergic response, high fevers, seizures

Question 38

What are the 4 ways vaccines can fail?

Answer 38

1. Bad Vaccine
2. Incorrect Delivery
3. Wrong Animal/Timing
4. Too few boosters