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HUBS192 > Lecture 5- Anatomy of the heart part 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 5- Anatomy of the heart part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many valves are there is each pump?

A

2

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2
Q

What are the two general names of the valves on both the right and left side and where are they located?

A
  • Atrioventricular (AV) valve separate the atrium and ventricle.
  • Semilunar valve separates the ventricle and the outflow artery
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3
Q

What is the function of the Atrioventricular (AV) valve?

A

Prevent blood returning to atria during ventricular contraction.

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4
Q

What is the name of the Atrioventricular (AV) valve on the right and left sides of the heart?

A
  • Right side: tricuspid valve.

- Left side : bicuspid (mitral) valve.

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5
Q

How does the tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves differ structurally?

A
  • Tricuspid has 3 flap like leaflets

- Bicuspid only has 2 flaps/leaflets

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6
Q

What is the diastole phase of heart contraction?

A
  • Blood travels from the atrium to the ventricle i.e. it is the filling phase.
  • The atrioventricular valves are open
  • The semilunar valves are shut
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7
Q

What is the (Ventricular) systole phase of heart contraction?

A
  • This is when the contraction of the heart muscle occurs
  • The atrioventricular valves are closed to prevent backflow of the blood
  • Once the pressure from heart being full of blood exceeds the pressure in the outflow artery the semilunar valves are pushed open and blood flows out of the heart (ejecting)
  • The semilunar valves then close again as blood starts to backflow into the heart
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8
Q

After being squeezed out why does blood start to backflow into the heart?

A

There is passive recoil as the blood moves from the now high pressure outflow artery to the relatively low pressure chamber.

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9
Q

What is the function of the semilunar valves?

A

Prevent blood returning to ventricles during

filling (diastole: the relaxed phase)

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10
Q

What are the names of the semilunar valves on the right and left sides of the heart?

A
  • Right side: Pulmonary (semilunar) valve

- Left side : Aortic (semilunar) valve

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11
Q

How many cusps do the semilunar valves on both the right and left side of the heart have?

A

3

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12
Q

In a diagram showing the heart valves visually which set of valves are the bigger circles?

A

-The AV valves (tricuspid and mitral)

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13
Q

Why are the semilunar openings smaller than the AV openings?

A
  • The semilunar valves are open in the ejection phase of heart contraction (systole) they therefore work under high pressure where it is easy to get blood through.
  • The AV openings on the other hand need to be large so that blood will flow in to fill up the heart in the diastole phase of contraction as this is passive (not driven by pressure)
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14
Q

What structures support the AV valves and why are they needed?

A
  • It is large and also the one on the left side of the heart (mitral/bicuspid) only has 2 leaflets/flaps so doesn’t have as much support. Therefore, there are structures around that perform that function preventing collapsing.
  • Papillary muscles extends into chordae tendineae(heart strings) which attach to the AV valves
  • When pressure rises in the ventricle a muscle contracts inside the papillary muscle this creates tension in chordae tendineae causing leaflets of the AV to shut slowly rather then not slamming thus preventing damage.
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15
Q

What are the vessels of cardiac circulation?

A

Supply=

  • Go from aorta (oxygenated)
  • to coronary arteries right and left (oxygenated)
  • to myocardial capillaries(oxygenated)- diffuse into tissues

Drainage=

  • Cardiac veins (deoxygenated)
  • to coronary sinus (deoxygenated)
  • to right atrium (deoxygenated)
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16
Q

What is the basic idea of cardiac circulation?

A

The heart has its own supply and drainage system, also includes the first part of the systemic circulation system as oxygenated blood reaches the heart first via the myocardial capillaries.

17
Q

The right side of the heart is drained by the…

A

Small cardiac vein

18
Q

The left side of the heart is drained by the…

A

Great cardiac vein

19
Q

What happens when the small and great cardiac veins combine?

A

Form the coronary sinus and deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium

20
Q

How does cardiac muscle get it’s oxygen supply?

A

From capillaries, the thin walls of the myocardial capillaries mean efficient diffusion of oxygen across

21
Q

What does cardiac muscle cells look like under a microscope?

A
  • It will have a striated(banded) appearance as the Z lines of the sarcomeres are visible
  • Short branched cells
  • Nuclei are centrally located +oval shaped and usually only 1 or 2 per cell
  • Cytoplasmic organelles are packed at the poles of the nucleus
  • Cells are interconnected via intercalated discs (ICDs)
22
Q

What is the structure of a capillary like?

A
  • Just cells forming junctions with themselves to create a tube like shape.
  • The hole in the middle is called the lumen and is only large enough to fit one red blood cell at a time
23
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

The beating of the heart, it therefore cannot take a break like other forms of muscle e.g. skeletal

24
Q

What is the other name for cardiac muscle?

A

Myocardium

25
Q

How similar is cardiac muscle to other muscle types?

A

Has features of both smooth & skeletal muscle as

well as cardiac muscle specific specializations

26
Q

What will skeletal muscle cells look like under a microscope?

A
  • Nucelli are at periphery and there are lots of them
  • Nucelli are at edge so that cytoplasm can be occupied by contractile apparatus in a uniform way for optimum force generation (will have striated appearance)
27
Q

How do you differ between a electro microscopy of smooth versus cardiac muscle?

A
  • Both will have nuclei centrally located and only a few
  • Smooth however, will not have a striated appearance like cardiac does
  • Also, for cardiac mitochondria makes up 20% of the volume of the cell whereas for smooth its just 2%
28
Q

Why is there so much mitochondria in cardiac muscle cells?

A
  • Cardiac muscle is dependent on oxygen for metabolism (need ATP) thus need a lot of mitochondria
  • The swap to this source was that it means the heart muscle can burn any fuel, this is vital as it cannot stop
29
Q

How does the striated pattern differ in cardiac and skeletal muscle?

A
  • For cardiac there is irregular branched sarcomeres with the Z lines at different angles
  • In skeletal muscles the pattern is a lot more uniform
30
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

-2 cardiac myocytes join together via intercalated discs (3 intercellular joins working as a unit)

The 3 intercellular joins are:

  • Adhesion belts (linking actin to actin)= Vertical portion
  • Desmosomes (linking cytokeratin with cytokeratin).
  • Gap junction (electrochemical communication) =Horizontal portion
31
Q

What is the conduction system of the heart?

A

-Its actions greatly increase the efficiency of heart pumping.
-This system is responsible for the co-ordination of heart contraction and of atrioventricular valve action.
-Autonomic nerves alter the rate of conduction impulse
generation

32
Q

What type of tissue are conduction pathways made of?

A

It is not nervous tissue but modified cardiac muscle

33
Q

What are Purkinje cells?

A

‘Bloated’ non-contractile cardiac muscle involved with electrical conduction.

34
Q

What is the structure of Purkinje cells like?

A
  • (some) Peripheral myofibrils but not longer contract
  • Have central nucleus
  • Have mitochondria, glycogen (as need energy dependent stores to drive conduction)
  • Lots of gap junctions, some desmosomes & few adhesion belts.
  • 1% of cardiac cells
35
Q

What does the left coronary artery spilt into?

A
  • Circumflex artery (goes to back)

- Anterior interventricular artery (goes downish)

36
Q

Describe the steps for the heart’s conduction system…

A
  • SA node to internodal pathways to AV node (alternative pathway is the interatrial pathway meets at AV node)
  • Down the septum into what is called the bundle of his (R and L: spilt in two)
  • Towards the apex and spreads upwards via the purkinje fibers.
37
Q

What is the idea of pacemaker cells? (give examples)

A
  • The heart is not completely controlled by the brain (can beat on its own).
  • Pace maker cells depolarize at a certain rate independent of brain
  • 2 types are the SA node (controller) and the AV node (is backup)
38
Q

How is the heart innervated?

A

Dual innervated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems.
-Whatever signal is the strongestwins

39
Q

What are the trabeculae carnae?

A

Muscular beam like structures on the inner surface of the myocardium forming ridges or bridges

HUBS192 (38 decks)

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