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HUBS192 > Lecture 23- The large intestine and comments of the liver > Flashcards

Lecture 23- The large intestine and comments of the liver Flashcards

1
Q

What does the large in large intestine refer to?

A

Diameter

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2
Q

How long is the large intestine and how does this compare to the small intestine?

A
  • 1.5 meters

- A lot shorter

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3
Q

What are the three sections of the large intestine?

A
  • Cecum (blind ended pouch)
  • Colon
  • Rectum (straight)
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4
Q

What can the colon be further divided into?

A
  • Ascending
  • Transverse
  • Descending
  • Sigmoid (S shaped)
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5
Q

In the colon what is the bend after the ascending colon called? What is the bend after the transverse colon?

A
  • Right colic/ hepatic flexure

- Left colic/ splenic flexure

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6
Q

Where is the large intestine located in terms of the peritoneal cavity?

A

-The rectum, ascending and descending colon are
retroperitoneal
-The cecum, transverse and sigmoidal colon are intraperitoneal

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7
Q

What is the Ileocecal Valve?

A
  • Between the ileum (small intestine) and cecum

- Important function is to regulate the passage of material into the cecum (ensures that backflow doesn’t occur)

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8
Q

What is the name of the blind ended tubular structure joint to the cecum? What does this name mean?

A
  • The vermiform appendix

- Vermiform= worm like, Appendix= sticks out

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9
Q

What is the function of the appendix?

A

-Acts as a reserve of large intestine bacteria population
which means that in the event where gut bacteria has been wiped out the large intestine is key to regrowth
-Contains lymph tissue so has important immune functions

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10
Q

Is the location of the appendix fixed?

A

No, varies between people

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11
Q

Due to its structure what is the appendix prone to and what are the consequences of this?

A
  • Prone to getting blocked
  • This can cause it to swell and get inflamed (appendicitis) eventually bursting
  • Once burst this spreads the bacteria contained into the peritoneal cavity where they easily spread due to optimal growth conditions
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12
Q

What is a barium enema? What does it allow?

A
  • Metallic substance (barium) passes through the gut backwards
  • This allows x-ray image to be taken of large intestine to assess functioning
  • If the Ileocecal Valve is working properly we shouldn’t be able to see the small intestine as material is prevented from flowing back
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13
Q

What are three gross differences in structure between the large and small intestine?

A

The large intestine has…

  • Teniae Coli
  • Haustra
  • Omental appendices
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14
Q

What are Teniae coli?

A
  • 3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle (modification of the Muscularis layer)
  • Literal translation is ‘ribbons of the colon’
  • Result in stronger contraction to help propelle the feces
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15
Q

What are Haustra?

A
  • Series of pouches in the wall of colon

- Semilunar folds are between

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16
Q

What are Omental appendices?

A
  • Sacs of fat

- Used for fat storage?

17
Q

Are there villi in the large intestine? Why/ why not?

A
  • No villi

- The large intestine is not specialized for absorption so no need to increase surface area in this way

18
Q

What does the mucosa of the large intestine do?

A
  • Invaginates to form intestinal glands which increases the surface area for secretion
  • Goblet cells in the mucosa produce mucus for protection and lubrication (makes it easy for feces to pass through)
  • Mucosa also absorptions water and salts
19
Q

What does the mucosa consist of? Which parts invaginate to form glands?

A
  • Consists of epithelium, lamina propria, Muscularis mucosae
  • The Muscularis mucosae does not invaginate and instead is a solid baseline
20
Q

What is the change in epithelium that occurs at the rectum?

A
  • Anal columns mark boundary where epithelium changes.
  • Before this point: simple columnar
  • After: epithelium of the anal canal is stratified squamous which eventually becomes continuous with the skin
21
Q

Why is the epithelium of the rectum stratified squamous?

A

For protection against abrasion (from feces)

22
Q

What are the two sphincters found within the rectum? How do they differ from each other?

A

-The internal anal sphincter is smooth muscle (under
involuntary control)
-The external anal sphincter is skeletal muscle (under voluntary control)

23
Q

What is the defecation reflex?

A
  • Movement of faeces into rectum stimulates stretch receptors
  • Internal anal sphincter relaxes (involuntary)
  • Conscious decision to defecate – external anal sphincter relaxes (this last step prevents defecation in unwanted places)
24
Q

Where is the liver located? What is the function we are focusing on?

A
  • Superior right quadrant of abdominopelvic cavity

- Produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder

25
Q

How is the liver supplied with blood?

A
  • 1/3 of blood supply from hepatic artery

- 2/3 is venous blood from hepatic portal vein

26
Q

Where is the hepatic artery?

A

Branch off the abdominal aorta

27
Q

What is the blood coming through the hepatic portal vein like?

A
  • Nutrient rich, deoxygenated blood from small intestine

- Processed by hepatocytes in the liver which detoxifies it + takes some nutrients for the liver itself

28
Q

How much of the cardiac output does the liver receive?

A

25%

29
Q

In relation to the liver what is found within the lesser omentum?

A
  • Hepatic portal vein
  • The hepatic artery
  • Bile duct
30
Q

What are the functional units of the liver called and how are these structured?

A
  • Called lobules
  • Consist of rows of Hepatocytes: produce bile
  • These surround a central vein
  • Liver sinusoids (leaky capillaries) between rows, bile canaliculi between cells.
31
Q

What makes up the portal triad?

A
  • Branch of hepatic artery
  • Branch of hepatic portal vein
  • A bile duct
32
Q

What is the direction of blood flow through the liver? How does this relate to the direction of bile flow?

A
  • Blood flows towards central vein is processed by hepatocytes, which produce bile
  • Bile is secreted into canaliculi and travels to bile duct (opposite direction of flow)
33
Q

What is the drainage that occurs in the liver?

A

Central veins drain deoxygenated + detoxified blood into hepatic vein which drains into inferior vena cava (goes to right atrium of heart)

34
Q

Where does bile go once it is produced in the liver?

A

-Bile travels to gall bladder, where it is stored and
concentrated
-Bile duct ultimately joins pancreatic duct at hepatopancreatic ampulla

HUBS192 (38 decks)

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