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HUBS192 > Lecture 38- Coitus and fertilization > Flashcards

Lecture 38- Coitus and fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

What is intromission?

A

When erect penis is inserted into the vagina during coitus

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2
Q

In coitus where is semen released and where does sperm need to travel to for fertilisation?

A

Semen released into upper part of vagina (insemination) so that sperm can travel to appropriate
site for fertilization (ampulla of uterine tube)

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3
Q

What are the three stages of the male sexual act?

A
  • Erection of penis
  • Ejaculation
  • Resolution
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4
Q

What muscle surrounding the bulb of the penis is invovled in erection?

A

Bulbous spongiosum or bulbocavernosus muscle

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5
Q

Describe the fascia of the penis…

A
  • Tunica albuginea surrounds circles both the corpus spongiosum and the 2 corpus cavernosa
  • Then there is a ring of deep (buck’s) fascia
  • Finally, a second ring of superficial fascia
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6
Q

What separates lacunae in erectile tissue?

A

Trabeculae

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7
Q

How does the Tunica albuginea differ around the corpus spongiosum as opposed to the corpus cavernosa? Why is this?

A

Not as tight, means erectile tissue doesn’t go quite as hard. Want this as don’t want to block of the urethra contained in the spongiosum.

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8
Q

How does the fascia/structure of the penis help in getting+ maintaining an erection?

A

Lacunae fill with blood via the deep artery. This places pressure on the trabeculae + fascia which makes penis hard. This also blocks of the Venus plexus preventing blood from returning and thus maintaining the erection.

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9
Q

What is the only part of the clitoris that can be seen externally?

A

Glans clitoris

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10
Q

Is the clitoris made of erectile tissue?

A

Yes, the body, bulbs, Crura and glans are all erectile tissues like in the penis (share developmental origins)

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11
Q

In the male reproductive system how does the abdominal aorta branch to reach the penis?

A
  • Abdominal aorta
  • Common iliac artery
  • Internal iliac artery
  • Internal pudendal artery (feeds peritoneum and external genitalia)
  • Branches to penis are: artery to bulb, ureteral artery, dorsal artery, deep cavernosal artery
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12
Q

What does the Venus plexus in the penis surround?

A

The corpus cavernosum

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13
Q

What divisions of the nervous system does coitus involve?

A
  • Sensory afferent division
  • Parasympathetic reflexes
  • Sympathetic reflexes
  • Somatic (voluntary movement)
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14
Q

How is sensory information relied from the penis?

A

Sensory fibers respond to stimulus such as touch, temperature, pressure etc. Sends info via dorsal nerve, then to pudendal nerve then to Sacro region of spinal chord

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15
Q

True of false the pudendal nerve supplies both sensory and somatic information to perineum + external genitalia?

A

True

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16
Q

Where is autonomic innervation to the penis derived from?

A
  • Pelvic plexus

- Both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

17
Q

Where do the sympathetic fibers that innervate the penis originate from?

A

Sympathetic fibers derived from lumbar thoracic region of spinal chord, via the sympathetic chain and the superior hypogastric plexus converging on the plexus innervated the penis

18
Q

What is the general role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the male sexual response?

A
  • Erection
  • Stimulates production of nitric oxide (NO, vasodilator) by deep arteries of penis.
  • Due to this deep arteries dilate and fill lacunae in corpora cavernosa so that they become engorged with blood with the trabeculae relaxing to allow this
  • The erect penis can now be inserted into the vagina for coitus
19
Q

What is the general role of the sympathetic nervous system in the male sexual response?

A
  • Ejaculation
  • Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle
  • Reproductive ducts
  • Accessory glands to transport semen and sperm
20
Q

What is the general role of the somatic, motor nervous system in the male sexual response?

A
  • Ejaculation

- Stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles around bulb of penis

21
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland do as part of the male erection phase?

A

Secrets bulbourethral fluid into urethra to flush out any remaining urine

22
Q

What are the two phases of male ejaculation?

A

Emission= (getting the sperm into the urethra)

  • Sympathetic response
  • Smooth muscle of ductus deferens contracts to move sperm into ampulla (peristaltic contractions)
  • Smooth muscle of ampulla, seminal vesicles and prostrate gland contract moving sperm and seminal fluid into urethra.

Expulsion= (getting sperm out of the urethra)

  • Semen in urethra activates somatic and sympathetic reflexes
  • Contractions of urethral smooth muscles e.g. bulbospongiosum contracts compressing the bulb of the penis and causing expulsion. Also internal urethral sphincter contracts to ensure urine stays in the bladder
  • Pelvic floor muscles contract
  • Semen ejected
23
Q

What happens in resolution?

A
  • Blood flow to penis is reduced by constriction of the internal pudendal artery and contraction of trabeculae (squeeze blood from the erectile tissues)
  • Penis becomes flaccid
24
Q

Describe the female sex response…

A
  • Engorgement of clitoris, labia and vagina in response to autonomic stimulation
  • Lubricating fluid secreted through vaginal wall; secretion of mucus into vestibule (greater vestibular glands)
  • Increased width and length of vagina. Uterus elevates upwards.
  • Rhythmic contraction of vaginal, uterine and perineal (pelvic floor) muscles
25
Q

When sperm and egg fuse (fertilisation) what happens?

A
  • Oocyte completes meiosis II.
  • Fertilized oocyte/ovum known as a zygote.
  • Zygote initiates cleavage (takes about 7 days) and travels towards the uterus for implantation.
26
Q

What can contraceptive methods be spilt into?

A
  • Natural methods

- Artificial methods

27
Q

Natural methods…

A
  • Rely on timing of coitus or behavior during coitus
  • High failure rate

Examples:

  • Rhythm method (periodic abstinence)
  • Withdrawal method (coitus interruptus)
  • Lactational infertility (when lactate interrupts with cycle)
28
Q

What are some examples of artificial methods for contraception?

A

Anything where you are inserting some sort of device or taking medicaiton

  • Barrier methods
  • Hormonal contraceptives
  • Intrauterine devices
  • Sterilisation
29
Q

What is a less common barrier method?

A

Caps, diaphragms

  • Imperfect barrier so should be used in conjunction with spermicidal foams / jellies / creams / sponges.
  • Needs to remain at least 6 hours after intercourse.
  • Not commonly used anymore; preference for more effective and convenient methods.
30
Q

What barrier method is the most common?

A

Condoms

  • Cheap
  • Readily available
  • Easy to use
  • Reduce risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)= only contraceptive device to do this!
  • Have both male and female ones but male is far more common
31
Q

Describe the combined oral contraceptive pill for females…

A
  • Contain estrogen and progestin
  • Suppress ovulation (affect feedback loops to hypothalamus and pituitary)
  • Affect mucus produced by cervix (prevent sperm penetration as thicker with more progestin)
32
Q

Describe the Progestin-only oral contraceptive pill for females…

A
  • Low doses of progestin
  • Effects on cervical mucus
  • Subdermal implant / Injectable progestins
  • Long acting (over years)
  • Act primarily by disrupting follicular growth and ovulation
33
Q

What are two types of IUD’s?

A
  • Copper

- Hormonal

34
Q

Describe a copper intrauterine device…

A
  • Causes low grade inflammation in endometrium
  • Reduces sperm transport
  • Toxic to oocyte and zygote
  • Impairs implantation
35
Q

Describe a hormonal intrauterine device (give example)…

A
  • Minera
  • Contains progestins
  • Affects cervical mucus, reducing sperm transport
  • Local affects on endometrium
  • May prevent ovulation
36
Q

What are some options for sterilization in both males and females?

A

Female:

  • Tubal ligation= cut or tie the uterine tubes
  • Hysterectomy where the uterus is removed

Males:
-Vasectomy= cut vas (ductus) deferens

HUBS192 (38 decks)

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