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HUBS192 > Lecture 14- An overview of the upper respiratory tract > Flashcards

Lecture 14- An overview of the upper respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

Connected organs and structures that function to

conduct warm, clean, moist air into close proximity with blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange.

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2
Q

What are the three things that air needs to be?

A
  • Warm
  • Clean
  • Moist
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3
Q

What does the respiratory system need to be effective?

A

-A surface for gas exchange
-Blood and air needs to be close together, but separated
-A path for air to flow to reach the gas exchange
surface in optimal condition
-Ability to draw breath in and out

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4
Q

What are two bonuses of the respiratory system?

A
  • Produce sound by air passing over vocal chords

- Olfaction (sense of smell)

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5
Q

What are the main components of the respiratory system?

A
  • URT (upper respiratory tract)
  • LRT (lower respiratory tract)
  • Thoracic cavity
  • Joints
  • Respiratory muscles
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6
Q

How can we split the respiratory system in terms of function?

A
  • Nasal cavity: Olfaction
  • Conducting region: Nose to bronchioles. Ensure air is warm, clean moist
  • Respiratory region: Alveoli. Sites of gas exchange
  • Oral cavity: Passage for air and food
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7
Q

What are most body organs lined with?

A

Mucosa

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8
Q

What is the structure of mucosa like?

A
  • Epithelia attached via a basement membrane to the lamina propria
  • Lamina propria is made of connective tissue and may contain glands (is the foundation)
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9
Q

What layer is usually below the mucosa?

A
  • submucosal layer

- depending on region, may contain many glands

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10
Q

What is the respiratory tract lined with?

A

Mucosa

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11
Q

How does the type of epithelium change along the length of the respiratory tract?

A
  • Most of conducting region= Respiratory epithelium
  • Where air & food travel= Stratified squamous
  • Site of gas exchange= Simple squamous
  • Olfaction= Olfactory mucosa
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12
Q

Why does the type of epithelium change along the length of the respiratory tract?

A

To reflect function

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13
Q

Why do we need stratified squamous in areas where food travels?

A

Having many layers provides protection against abrasion from the food to underlying tissues.

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14
Q

Why do we need simple squamous in sites of gas exchange?

A

It ensures the thinnest barrier possible between the air and blood (shortest distance for gas exchange)

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15
Q

What is the fully description provided for respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)

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16
Q

In respiratory epitheliums’ full name what does pseudostratified mean?

A

Looks like there is lots of layers of cells, but every cell actually touches the basement membrane so there are ‘fake’ layers

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17
Q

In respiratory epitheliums’ full name what does ciliated mean?

A

-Cells have cilia
-Patterned movement pushes mucus towards pharynx
where it is swallowed and digested by stomach acid

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18
Q

What is the function of the goblet cells contained within respiratory epithelium?

A

-Goblet cells produce mucus

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19
Q

What does mucus do?

A
  • Traps debris

- Moistens air

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20
Q

Where is respiratory epithelium found?

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Part of pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
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21
Q

Why does your nose run on a cold day?

A

Cilia stop beating when it gets cold. Therefore there is nothing to help move mucus towards pharynx and so it will dribble out nose

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22
Q

Why do we cough up mucus when we are unwell?

A

We produce more mucus and so coughing helps the cilia to move it

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23
Q

Why do smokers cough?

A

Smoke destroys cilia. This leads to mucus accumulation and coughing to try dislodge it.

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24
Q

What are the three main components of the URT?

A
  • Nose & Nasal cavity
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx
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25
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx (behind nasal cavity)
  • Oropharynx (behind oral cavity)
  • Laryngopharynx (behind voice box/ larynx)
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26
Q

What are the main functions of the URT?

A 
Conducting passage (not only air) :
- Prepares air for respiratory membrane (gas exchange)
ensuring it is warm, clean and moist

Paranasal sinuses:
-resonating chambers for speech

Olfaction:
-sensory receptors smell

27
Q

What is the primary passageway for air?

A

The nose

28
Q

What is the structure of the nose like? How does this relate to function?

A
  • Bridge of nose :2 nasal bones
  • Nasal cartilages: flexible, patent (maintain unobstructed airway
  • Nostrils – external (anterior) nares + interior (posterior) nares
29
Q

What is the vestibule? What does it contain?

A

-Part of the nose you can put your finger in
-Lined with skin so has all of the normal skin components e. g. has sebaceous, sweat
glands and hair follicles

30
Q

What is the particularly important function of nostril hairs?

A
  • Called vibrissae

- Filter inhaled air as dirt gets caught

31
Q

Where is the nasal septum located? What is it made of?

A
  • In midline (forms left and right side in nasal cavity)

- Anterior= cartilage, Posterior= bone

32
Q

What do the internal nares open into?

A

The nasal pharynx

33
Q

What is the roof of the nasal cavity made of?

A

Formed by ethmoid & sphenoid bones

34
Q

What is the floor of the nasal cavity made of?

A
  • Hard (at front) and soft palates (at back)
  • This is the roof of the mouth
  • The uvala is an extension of the soft palate (hangs down at the back of the mouth)
35
Q

Where the Conchae located?

A

On the lateral walls of the nostrils

36
Q

How many Conchae are there?

A

-Three projections on each side
Superior, middle and inferior conchae
-Means 6 in total

37
Q

What are the Conchae covered by?

A

Respiratory epithelium

38
Q

What is the function of Conchae?

A

These bony projections in the nasal cavity swirl the air resulting in it coming into contact with the epithelium more. This results in particles more frequently sticking to the mucosa. The benefit of this is that there is more time for warming and humidifying the air, plus for olfactory detection.

39
Q

What epithelium is in the nasal cavity?

A
  • Mostly respiratory epithelium

- Plus area of olfactory mucosa (Area on roof of nasal cavity, contains smell receptors)

40
Q

What is another name for conchae?

A

Turbinates

41
Q

What is the nasal mucosa like? What is a special function of it?

A
  • The lamina propria layer which the epithelium sits on has lots of blood vessels (predominantly veins)
  • The veins help warm incoming air (radiation)
42
Q

What happens to nasal mucosa when air temp drops?

A

Vascular plexus dilates = greater heat transfer

43
Q

Where do nose bleeds originate?

A

From damage to the thin walled veins in the nasal mucosa. They exist close to the surface so it is easy for them to be penetrated.

44
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses and where are they located?

A

-Cavities in the bone that are usually filled with air
-They exist alongside the nose within the frontal,
sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

45
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses lined with?

A

Respiratory mucosa

46
Q

What do the paranasal sinuses drain into?

A

The pharynx

47
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Lighten skull as have air inside them
  • Increased surface area to clean, warm, moisten air
  • Sound resonance (amplifies voice)
48
Q

What happens when the paranasal sinuses get blocked?

A
  • Infected mucus means drainage for the paranasal sinuses is blocked
  • Head feels heavy as no longer have air within
  • Voice may be different as cannot help with sound resonance
49
Q

What is the pharynx? What is it commonly called?

A
  • Muscular funnel shaped tube shared by respiratory and digestive system
  • Commonly called the throat
50
Q

What part of the pharynx is air only? What epithelium exists here?

A
  • The Nasopharynx

- Respiratory mucosa

51
Q

Where does the naso pharynx start and end?

A

From posterior nares to soft palate

52
Q

What do the soft palate and uvula (part that dangles) do while we are eating?

A

Block nasopharynx during swallowing to

prevent food entering nasal cavity

53
Q

Where do the auditory tubes drain to and from where?

A
  • Drain into nasopharynx

- From the middle ear (important for maintaining pressure)

54
Q

What are the Pharyngeal tonsils? Where are they located?

A
  • Also called (adenoids)
  • Found on posterior wall of nasopharynx
  • They are made of lymphoid tissues and are important for the immune system
  • Can get inflamed and block of nasal passage
55
Q

What moves through both the Oropharynx and laryngopharynx? Due to this what epithelium exists here?

A

-Air and food
-Stratified squamous epithelium as it provides
protection against abrasion

56
Q

Where does the Oropharynx start and end?

A

From soft palate to hyoid bone

57
Q

What two tonsils exist in the oropharynx?

A
  • Palatine tonsils (if swell can block air coming in so are sometimes removed)
  • Lingual tonsils (located in the lamina propria of the root of the tongue)
58
Q

Where does the laryngopharynx start and end?

A

-From hyoid bone to opening of larynx/beginning of
esophagus
-Ends at level where respiratory and digestive tracts diverge (2 tubes coming off it)

59
Q

What has right of way during swallowing food or air?

A

Food

60
Q

What three qualities do we consider the optimum condition of air to be? How does the URT facilitate this?

A

Moist, Warm, Clean :
-Vestibule contains vibrissae to trap large particles

  • Goblet cells produce mucus to trap particles within nasal cavity and nasopharynx
  • Cilia push mucus to pharynx where it is swallowed and digested
  • Mucus moistens air and vascular plexus below mucosa warms air
  • Conchae (turbinates) make air turbulent to have more contact with mucosa
61
Q

What types of epithelium are found in the

URT?

A
  • Skin in vestibule of nose
  • Respiratory mucosa (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells) in nasal cavity and nasopharynx
  • Olfactory mucosa in nasal cavity
  • Stratified squamous in oropharynx and laryngopharynx
62
Q

List the structures associated with the nasal cavity/ nose…

A
  • external nares (has vibrissae)
  • Conchae/turbinates
  • Roof of nasal cavity
  • Floor of nasal cavity
  • Venous plexus
  • Sinuses
63
Q

What is the skin that lines the inside of the nose the same as?

A

Stratified squamous

HUBS192 (38 decks)

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