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HUBS192 > Lecture 28-An overview and structure of the Kidney > Flashcards

Lecture 28-An overview and structure of the Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the urinary system?

A

Balance the water (and solutes) in the body via filtering blood and expelling excess substances

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2
Q

How much of the body is water and what explains the difference between males and females?

A
  • 60% (male) and 55% (female

- Difference because males have more muscle and females have more fat/adipose

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3
Q

What is the ratio of water between ECF and ICF?

A 
Total body water is= extracellular fluid (1/3) and
intracellular fluid (2/3)
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4
Q

What are some examples of things that the urinary system filters from the blood?

A
  • Excess water
  • Excess salts
  • Wastes of metabolism
  • Many toxins and drugs
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5
Q

How much blood flows through the kidneys per minute?

A

1200ml

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6
Q

How much urine on average is produced per day?

A

800-2000ml

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7
Q

How can urine be defined and what is typically in it?

A
  • Waste product excreted to maintain balance within the body

- Contains, Water, Salts, Urea, Metabolites, hormones, small proteins

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8
Q

Is the pH of urine tightly regulated? What is the result of this?

A

-No, (pH ~4.6 - 8) and is influenced by what
is excreted
-Means pH is a useful diagnostic tool

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9
Q

What might be found in abnormal urine?

A
  • Large proteins (too big to be filtered)
  • RBC (too big to be filtered)
  • Glucose (filtered, but completely reabsorbed)
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10
Q

To be effective the urinary system needs…

A
  • Delivery system for blood to where it is filtered
  • Selective filtration system
  • Filtrate recovery mechanism
  • System to return recovered, filtered fluid to body
  • System to remove filtrate from body
  • Protection
  • Ability to communicate with relevant parts of the body
  • Adaptable to meet the body’s changing needs environment changes, diet changes etc.)
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11
Q

What are the main components/ structures invovled in the urinary system?

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • 2 ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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12
Q

What does the structure of the kidneys allow?

A
  • Blood to be brought into close proximity with the nephron, for filtering
  • Blood that has been filtered to leave the kidney
  • A pathway for urine to be removed from the kidney, stored and then excreted
  • Protection
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13
Q

Where are the kidneys located and what is there shape?

A
  • T12-L3
  • At level of the 11th and 12th ribs
  • Convex side faces laterally
  • Kidney bean shaped
  • Medial surface has a concave notch called the hilum
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14
Q

What does the hilum of the kidneys contain?

A
  • Renal blood vessels
  • Lymphatics
  • Nerves
  • Ureter
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15
Q

Where are the kidney’s in relation to the peritoneal cavity?

A
  • Retroperitoneal
  • On the posterior adnominal wall
  • Covered on anterior side by the peritoneum
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16
Q

What are the kidneys surrounded by and what does this provide?

A

Adipose (fat) tissue (pictured yellow) and provides support/cushioning

17
Q

What are the three regions of the kidney?

A
  • Cortex
  • Medulla
  • Pelvis
18
Q

What are three things that protect the kidney?

A
  • 11th and 12th ribs (bones)
  • Layer of fat providing support
  • Fibrous connective capsule (last line of defense)
19
Q

What is the inner medulla like?

A
  • Divided into pyramids called medullary pyramids

- Each medullary pyramid ends in a papilla

20
Q

What is the outer cortex like?

A
  • Wraps all the way around the medulla in a continuous layer

- Renal columns separate the individual pyramids

21
Q

What is the lobe like structure of the kidneys and what does this allow?

A
  • Exists as multiple functional lobes
  • 1 lobe consists of 1 medulla pyramid and all the cortex that surrounds it (including renal columns)
  • The number of lobes per kidney varies between people usually from around 5-11
  • The functional unit structure means if one area fails other units can take over
22
Q

What are kidney lobes largely made of? What are the function of these?

A
  • Nephrons: tiny tubes that filter from blood and create urine
  • Wiggly parts in the cortex and long parts that sit in the medullary Pyramid
23
Q

What is the sequence of structures urine drains from after its made in the nephrons?

A
  • papilla
  • minor calyx
  • major calyx (join together)
  • renal pelvis (narrows as exits the hilum)
  • ureter
24
Q

What is a pyelogram?

A
  • Type of x-ray where patient drunk something with contrast dye in it
  • Can see the structure of the renal system in it
25
Q

Where does the filtration of blood occur in the kidney?

A

The glomerulus within the cortex

26
Q

How is blood supplied to the cortex of the kidney?

A

-Renal artery arises from the abdominal aorta
-It branches getting smaller and smaller until it reaches
the cortex

27
Q

How is blood returned from the cortex of the kidney once filtered?

A

Veins return filtered blood from the cortex to the renal

vein, then to the inferior vena cava to return to the heart and circulate

28
Q

What is the glomerulus and how is blood delivered there?

A

-The afferent arteriole delivers blood from the arteries
to the glomerulus
-The glomerulus is made of glomerular capillaries and is where filtration occurs

29
Q

How does blood leave the glomerulus?

A
  • The efferent arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries
  • The peritubular capillaries carry blood to the veins
30
Q

Why does blood in the urinary system go from atereriole capillaries and then arteriole (no venules)?

A

Arteriole means resistance can be altered and flow adapted which is important in the urinary system

31
Q

Put these in order of blood flood into the cortex to be filtered…

  • Renal artery
  • Afferent arteriole
  • Abdominal aorta
  • Glomerular capillary
  • Series of arteries
A
  • Abdominal aorta
  • Renal artery
  • Series of arteries
  • Afferent arteriole
  • Glomerular capillary
32
Q

Put these in order of blood flood out of the cortex once filtered…

  • Series of veins
  • Efferent arteriole
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Peritubular capillaries
  • Renal vein
  • Glomerular capillary
A
  • Glomerular capillary
  • Efferent arteriole
  • Peritubular capillaries
  • Series of veins
  • Renal vein
  • Inferior vena cava
33
Q

What is the nerve supply of the renal system like and its basic function?

A
  • Innervation is from a network of autonomic nerves and ganglia called the renal plexus
  • Sympathetic nerves act to adjust diameter of renal arterioles and thus regulate blood flow.
34
Q

What is nephron and its basic function?

A
  • Microscopic functional unit of the kidney
  • Bulk of kidney made up of nephrons
  • Filters blood
  • Selectively reabsorbs or secretes
  • Produces urine
35
Q

Name the 5 basic parts of the nephron…

A
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Nephron loop
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting duct
36
Q

What’s the renal corpuscle?

A
  • Made of glomerular capsule and glomerulus

- Where the blood and nephron meet

37
Q

What’s the collecting duct?

A

-Where you find the papilla of medullary pyramids ——-Shared between multiple nephrons

38
Q

Which kidney is most inferior and why?

A

The right due to the liver being above

HUBS192 (38 decks)

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