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HUBS192 > Lecture 4- Cardiovascular system, anatomy of the heart, part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Cardiovascular system, anatomy of the heart, part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What organs does the cardiovascular system consist of? What is the basic role of each?

A 
Heart= pump
Arteries= supply take blood to target tissues from heart
Veins/lymphatics= drainage, veins (blood), lymphatics (lymph fluid back into circulatory system)
Capillaries= exchange between tissues and blood, take nutrients to and waste away
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2
Q

What are organs of the cardiovascular system made of?

A

Vascular tissue

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3
Q

What is vascular tissue made of?

A
  • connective tissue

- cells

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4
Q

How does the connective tissue making up vascular tissue vary?

A

Varies according to where it is/ function:

  • More collagen makes it strong +resistant
  • More elastin makes it stretchy
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5
Q

What specific cell types make up vascular tissue?

A
  • epithelia (form barriers between environments)

- Muscle

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6
Q

What two types of muscle are involved in the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Cardiac for the heart walls

- Smooth for involuntary movements found in blood vessels and walls of lymphatics

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7
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A
  • It is part of the cardiovascular system
  • A network of tissues, vessels and organs that work together to move a colorless, watery fluid called lymph back into your circulatory system (your bloodstream).
  • It is known as a open-entry drainage system and is one way
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8
Q

The blood vascular system is…

A
  • A closed supply and drainage system

- It works in a continuous loop to bring blood from heart to the target tissue and back

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9
Q

In a diagram red=

A
  • Vessels that carry oxygenated blood

- This is not necessarily all arties as the vein from the lung to the left side of the heart carries oxygenated blood

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10
Q

In a diagram blue=

A
  • Vessels that carry deoxygenated blood
  • This is not necessarily all veins as the artery from the right side of the heart to the lungs carries deoxygenated blood (it going to get oxygenated)
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11
Q

How many pumps does the cardiovascular system consist of? What are their functions?

A

2 pumps that work in series the right side of the heart send to lungs (to be oxygenated). The left side then pumps to the rest of the body.

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12
Q

In a diagram green=

A

-Vessels transporting lymph fluid back to veins close to the heart (carrying blood back)

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13
Q

What are the two circulations within the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Pulmonary circulation (heart and lungs)

- Systemic circulation (out to body)

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14
Q

What circulation reverses the rules of what you would typically think in terms of what vessels are carrying oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary circulation. Arteries carry deoxygenated, Veins carrying oxygenated.

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15
Q

What vessel is associated with the supply side of the cardiovascular system?

A

Arteries are the only supply path go away from the heart out to organs.

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16
Q

How are arteries situated and what is this to avoid?

A

Major arteries are situated to avoid damage

eg: deep in the trunk; on flexor aspect of limbs

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17
Q

What is special about important structures in terms of supply?

A

Important structures often receive supply from two sources (two separate arteries)
eg: hand

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18
Q

Do arteries keep the same name at each branch?

A

No, change

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19
Q

What makes up the exchange network of the cardiovascular system?

A

Capillaries of varying degrees of permeability:

  • Continuous (controlled ~ tight)
  • Fenestrated (leaky)
  • Sinusoidal (very leaky i.e. has lots of openings)
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20
Q

What are the three pathways for drainage in the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Deep veins
  • Superficial veins
  • Lymphatics

(deep and superficial are part of the blood vascular, lymphatics are part of the lymphatic system)

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21
Q

Why can veins be found close to the skin surface?

A

They are not as vulnerable to hemorrhage compared to arteries

22
Q

How does the cross-sectional area of arteries compare to veins and why?

A

Cross-sectional area of veins is at least twice that of arteries. This is because veins are not as pressurized so need this to shift the same volume of blood / second.
(The volume of blood arriving and leaving the heart needs to be the same)

23
Q

What direction in relation to the heart do veins always carry blood in?

A

Towards

24
Q

What direction in relation to the heart do arteries always carry blood in?

A

Away

25
Q

What is the shape of the heart like?

A

Blunt, cone shaped
Pointed end - Apex (sits against diaphragm)
Broad end - Base (Towards neck)

26
Q

How big is the heart approximately?

A

Size approximately that of a closed fist

27
Q

How is the heart positioned in the chest?

A
  • Rotated to left and titled
  • This results in the base sitting at the second and third ribs. Apex is pointing outwards to mid of the left side of the chest (midclavicular line) between ribs 5 +6.
28
Q

What is the PMI?(point of maximal impulse)

A

Where Apex points out between ribs 5+6. Bangs against that space and as a result hear the loudest heart sounds here (Apex beat)

29
Q

What proportion of the heart sits on the left side of the chest?

A

2/3

30
Q

In the heart what are the receiving chambers?

A

Right and Left atrium

31
Q

What side of the heart receives all the deoxygenated blood?

A

Right

32
Q

What is the general role of the left and right ventricles?

A

Pumping chambers

33
Q

What is the interventricular septum?

A

Is a wall separating the left and right sides of the heart

34
Q

What veins carry blood into the right atrium?

A
  • Superior vena cava= carries blood from the head, neck chest and upper limbs
  • Inferior vena cava= carries blood from below the diaphragm
  • Coronary sinus= heart venous drainage

(this is all deoxygenated blood)

35
Q

What is general role of heart valves?

A

Ensure unidirectional flow

36
Q

What are the names/ functions of the heart valves on the right side of the body?

A

-Tricuspid valve= ensures blood only goes from atrium to ventricular chamber (can’t go back
in opposite direction)
-Pulmonary (semilunar valve)= ensures blood only goes from right ventricle to lungs can’t go back in through here

37
Q

What is the flow of blood on the right side of the heart?

A
  • In through superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus (deoxygenated)
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
  • out through pulmonary trunk (artery) to the lungs (to be oxygenated)
38
Q

How many openings are there into the left atrium?

A

4, they are the pulmonary veins

39
Q

What is the flow of blood on the left side of the heart?

A
  • In through left pulmonary veins (oxygenated)
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Out through Aorta which pumps to rest of body
40
Q

Why are the atriums thin walled?

A

They are receiving chambers do not do much pumping themselves therefore do not require much muscle

41
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A
  • Endocardium (inner layer)
  • Myocardium (muscle-makes most of the heart wall)
  • Epicardium (outer layer)
42
Q

What does the heart sit within? What are the two functions of this structure?

A

Pericardium

  • Is a protective and supportive leathery sack
  • Has 2 layers of serous membrane with lubricant in between. This means when the surfaces rub against each other (when heart contracts) there is no abrasion.
43
Q

What layer of the heart wall are thickest?

A

Myocardium as pump is driven by muscle, epi and endocardium are thin.

44
Q

What is the endocardium made of?

A
  • Squamous epithelium (endothelium)
  • Loose irregular fibrous connective tissue (FCT)
  • (small) Blood vessels
  • Purkinje fibers
45
Q

What is the function of the Squamous epithelium (endothelium) found in the endocardium?

A

Single layer, flat cells. If blood didn’t have them it would just set (damage to them causes blood clots)

46
Q

Which ventricle has the thickest myocardial layer?

A

The left ventricle is 3 times thicker than the right as it is pumping to entire body whereas right is just pumping to the lungs (short journey).

47
Q

What is the epicardium made of?

A
  • Visceral pericardium
  • Blood vessels (large)
  • Loose irregular FCT, Adipose
48
Q

When looking at a diagram of an epicardium how do you tell which is an artery and which is a vein?

A
  • Arteries have thicker walls as have high pressure

- Veins have thin walls as have low pressure

49
Q

Describe the structure of the pericardium?

A

Folded in a U shape

  • Visceral pericardium=inner part (also part of the epicardium cause on this surface)
  • Pericardial cavity (potential space) with pericardial fluid = in-between
  • Parietal pericardium= outermost
50
Q

How many times does the blood go through the heart in a complete circuit?

A

Twice

51
Q

What chamber is directly behind the sternum?

A

Right ventricle

52
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A

Heart sits on diaphragm, extra covering adheres to parietal pericardium and is called the fibrous pericardium

HUBS192 (38 decks)

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