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HUBS192 > Lecture 21- The stomach and pancreas > Flashcards

Lecture 21- The stomach and pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process that propels food down the esophagus to the stomach?

A

Peristalsis= is the contraction of smooth muscle behind the bolus

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2
Q

What is the shape of the stomach and where is it located?

A
  • J-shaped organ

- Located at the base of the esophagus

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3
Q

What does the esophagus pass through in order to reach the stomach?

A
  • Passes through diaphragm

- Therefore there is a break in the diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus

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4
Q

What structure at the esophageal hiatus prevents reflux?

A
  • Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
  • Is a band of smooth muscle
  • Relaxes to allow bolus/ food to pass into the stomach and contracts to prevent acid going back when the stomach contracts
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5
Q

Where is the stomach located in relation to other organs in the abdominal-pelvic cavity?

A
  • Liver takes most of the upper right quadrant and is associated with the gall bladder (mostly behind)
  • Middle part is the stomach in front of the pancreas
  • Spleen is then in the left corner
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6
Q

What are the 4 ‘sections’ of the stomach?

A
  • Cardia: what the esophagus opens into
  • Fundus: Find lots of gastric glands
  • Body: Central area of the stomach/ makes up most of it
  • Pylorus (pyloric antrum): Cave like area. Is the gate keeper as it contains the pylorus sphincter
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7
Q

What is the role of the pylorus sphincter?

A
  • Regulates the process of gastric (stomach) emptying into the duodenum (small intestine)
  • Relax to let pass through, contract to restrict access
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8
Q

What are the functions of the lesser and greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Act as attachment points for omentum (double layer of visceral peritoneum which connects organ to organ).

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9
Q

What does the lesser omentum connect? What does it contain?

A
  • Lesser curvature (stomach) to liver.

- Include blood vessels

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10
Q

What does the greater omentum connect? What does it contain?

A
  • Greater curvature (stomach) to transverse colon
  • Include blood vessels, fat/adipose providing cushioning and immune cells (provides first line of defense for infection)
  • Hangs down like an apron
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11
Q

What does the greater omentum have a yellowish appearance?

A

Due to adipose tissue it contains

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12
Q

What is the muscalris of the Stomach specialized for?

A

Motility, need strong contractions (peristalsis) as well as the ability to mix

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13
Q

How many layers of muscle are there in the stomach wall and what are these called?

A

3 Layers:

  • Oblique (inner)
  • Circular (middle)
  • Longitudinal (outer)
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14
Q

Where in the stomach is the muscle thickest?

A

In the distal area (pyloric) of the stomach as more contraction needed

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15
Q

What are Rugae?

A

-Feature of the internal wall of the stomach
-Are temporary folds that allow for the expansion of the
stomach
-Important to allow for storage

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16
Q

What is an additional feature of the stomach that is important for its storage function?

A

Both sphincters (Lower esophageal sphincter+ Pyloric sphincter) need to be closed

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17
Q

What is the structure of a Rugae like?

A
  • Folded core of submucosa with overlying mucosa

- Glands are also formed which are permeant (i.e don’t disappear even when Rugae are flattened out)

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18
Q

Describe the epithelium of the stomach? Why do we need this structure?

A

-Simple columnar epithelium
-In-folding increases surface area for secretion
-Glands are permanent!
Need…
-Acid and enzymes for digestion
-Mucous for protection (stop digestion of self)
-Hormones for regulation

19
Q

What part of the gastric glands are most superior? What do they secrete?

A

-Mucous epithelia cells secrete mucus for protection

20
Q

What cells exist further down the gastric gland? What do they secrete?

A
  • Parietal cells secrete acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor (Important for vitamin B 12 absorption)
  • G cells secrete hormones (gastrin) which regulate motility and secretion
  • Chief cells secrete pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of pepsin which digests protein)
21
Q

How are chief cells specialized for their function?

A

Produce enzymes so have…

  • Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Apical zymogen granules (contain enzymes)
  • Basal nucleus as top part full of granules about to be exocytosed
22
Q

How are Parietal cells specialized for their function?

A

Produce acid so…

  • Pump ions (H+) which needs energy
  • Abundant mitochondria
  • Central nucleus
  • Folded structure to increase surface area
23
Q

How is stomach function regulated with regards to endocrine control?

A
  • Endocrine cells in mucosa

- Gastrin and Ghrelin secreted into the bloodstream

24
Q

How is stomach function regulated neutrally?

A

-Enteric nervous system (ENS): local reflexes
(primary control)
-CNS modulates ENS function – long neural reflexes as going from the brain

25
Q

What acts to control the release of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine?

A

Pyloric Sphincter (PS)

26
Q

What is chyme?

A
  • Partially digested material from the stomach
  • All mechanical digestion is complete but some chemical digestion in the small intestine is still needed
  • Is acidic
27
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle does the duodenum/small intestine have?

A

2:

  • Circular inner
  • Longitudinal outer
28
Q

What features are required in the small intestine wall due to chyme passing through?

A
  • Further digestion (enzymes)

- Protection from acidic chyme via mucous and bicarbonate to neutralize acid

29
Q

Where does the mucous in the small intestine come from?

A

Mucous provided by glands in the submucosa of the duodenum.

30
Q

Where does the enzymes and bicarbonate in the small intestine come from?

A

Provided by the pancreas

31
Q

What is the shape and location of the pancreas?

A
  • Head in C-shaped duodenum
  • Tail to spleen
  • Posterior to the stomach
  • Retroperitoneal
32
Q

Is the duodenum retroperitoneal? If so why?

A

Yes, as is just acting as a receiving chamber doesn’t need to move

33
Q

Where does the pancreas enter into?

A
  • Pancreatic duct leads into the duodenal lumen

- Some people also have accessory pancreatic duct which leads to the same place

34
Q

What does the pancreatic duct meet and where?

A

Bile duct meets pancreatic duct at the

entrance to the hepatopancreatic ampulla

35
Q

Where does the Duodenal papilla project into?

A

Duodenal lumen

36
Q

What does the liver produce and where is this stored?

A

Bile, stored in the gall bladder

37
Q

What is the release of bile controlled by?

A

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

38
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A
  • Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes

- Duct cells secrete bicarbonate

39
Q

Due to acinar cells secreting enzymes what structure do they have?

A
  • Apical zymogen granules
  • Basal nucleus
  • Abundant rough ER
40
Q

What other cells have the same structure as acinar cells and why?

A
  • Chief cells of Stomach
  • Salivary acinar cells

Because are all specialized for the secretion of enzymes

41
Q

What structures in the stomach allow for storage?

A
  • Sphincters

- Rugae: distention (folded submucosa)

42
Q

Why is the pancreas secreting into the lumen of the GI tract considered excrine?

A

Lumen continuous with the outside world

43
Q

For mechanical digestion in the stomach you need?

A
  • Smooth muscle, additional oblique layer in stomach

- Sphincters

44
Q

What is needed for chemical digestion in the stomach?

A
  • Secretion of strong chemicals (acid, enzymes)

- Protective epithelium

HUBS192 (38 decks)

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