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HUBS192 > Lecture 13- Composition and general functions of blood > Flashcards

Lecture 13- Composition and general functions of blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three general functions of blood?

A
  • Transport
  • Immune Response
  • Coagulation
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2
Q

What is the function of blood in terms of transport?

A
  • Circulation transports substances to cells that they need to survive (O2, water, nutrients)
  • It also removes waste products such as carbon dioxide
  • Ions associated with pH and homeostasis
  • Heat - a product of oxidative reactions in cells
  • Hormones- coordinate the activities of organs of the body
  • Immune cells and coagulation factors
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3
Q

What is the function of blood in terms of the immune response?

A
  • For fighting infection and production of the immune response
  • Largely via white blood cells
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4
Q

What is the function of blood in terms of coagulation?

A
  • For preventing bleeding, they plug up the wound in the short term to prevent negative pathogens entering
  • Via platelets and “coagulation factors” in plasma
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5
Q

What is the purpose of transporting heat in the blood?

A

Heat from reactions is put in the blood and transported to skin surface so that it can be removed via radiation before altering core temp.

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6
Q

What is blood volume in proportion to?

A

Lean body mass

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7
Q

What are the two board categories that make up the composition of blood?

A
  • plasma

- formed elements

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8
Q

What is plasma?

A
  • Liquid part of blood
  • Mostly water + solid components dissolved in water.
  • These solutes are generally electrolytes and plasma proteins
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9
Q

What is the function of Albumins?

A
  • They are a type of plasma protein

- In charge of maintaining osmotic pressure

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10
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

Formed elements are cells+ cell fragments floating the plasma:

  • platelets
  • white blood cells
  • red blood cells
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11
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Cell fragments that participate in clotting to stop bleeding

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12
Q

What is the function of red blood cells ?

A

By far the most common cell found in blood; highly specialized to transport oxygen and remove waste from tissues(carbon dioxide)

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13
Q

What is the function of white blood cells ?

A

Immune response and defense mechanisms; these seek and destroy invading pathogens

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14
Q

Do the cells and cell fragments look the same? Considering this what is interesting?

A

No, they all have different structures specialized for their functions. Interesting that are all derived from the same cell (hemocytoblasts)

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15
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

The formation of blood cells

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16
Q

What are hemocytoblasts and where are they located?

A
  • Hemocytoblasts are the progenitors for all blood cells

- Found in red bone marrow

17
Q

What does erythropoietin (EPO) do?

A

Simulates the specific pathway for hemocytoblasts to differentiate to red blood cells.

18
Q

What’s an example of when production of blood cells might increase?

A

After injury

19
Q

What is the structure of a red blood cell like? What does this allow?

A

-Biconcave Disc shape (round with depression on either side)
-This means there is a large surface area: volume ratio
allowing for efficient diffusion of gases
-Flexibility for movement through narrow capillaries. Round means it doesn’t get stuck and can fold/ distend easily to fit through

20
Q

What don’t red blood cells have and why?

A

No nucleus this because they don’t need to divide to make more red blood cells (hemocytoblasts do this)

21
Q

What do red blood cells contain large amount of? What is the function of this?

A
  • Contain large amounts of hemoglobin
  • Iron is attached to heme discs to form a heme unit which binds to oxygen
  • Each red blood cell has 4 of these units and so can bind 8 oxygen atoms (4 oxygen molecules)
22
Q

What does a greater number of red blood cells mean in terms of a ability to carry oxygen?

A

More red blood cells results in more hemoglobin found inside and therefore more oxygen can be carried around

23
Q

What does a centrifuge do?

A

Spins blood to separate into its main components:

  • Plasma
  • Buffy coat (white blood cells)
  • Hematocrit (red blood cells)
24
Q

Which layer when blood is centrifuged is the smallest?

A

Buffy coat, sometimes not even visible

25
Q

Why do men have slightly higher levels of hematocrit than women?

A

Testosterone aids in the production of red blood cells

26
Q

What does centrifuged blood of an anemic person look like? What is the likely cause?

A

-Hematocrit is a very small fraction of the blood
-Therefore, low ability to carry oxygen in blood and
less to exchange with tissues
-Low level of red blood cells likely due to iron deficiency and so inability to form hemoglobin

27
Q

What does centrifuged blood of a Polycythemic person look like? What are the consequences?

A

-70-75% of blood is hematocrit
-This means a high ability to carry oxygen
-Consequence is at comes at the loss of some of the plasma component.
-Blood losing liquid means it becomes thicker and
can’t flow through vessels as easily (resistance is increased)
-As a result pressure increases to compensate and the heart has to work harder which can lead to cardiovascular disease

28
Q

Why do athletes train at high altitudes?

A
  • High altitude means less oxygen comes in and attaches to red blood cells
  • Short term solution is faster heart rate +breathing harder to compensate
  • However, long term solution is for kidney (sensed lower efficiency) to release EPO which tells the hemocytoblasts to produce more red blood cells
  • Athletes therefore train high to build up the efficiency of aerobic system (carrying oxygen) and then compete in low altitudes
29
Q

What is the percentage of hematocrit in normal blood?

A
  • 40 to 45%

- Obviously varies though according to person

30
Q

Why does the system of training at high altitudes and competing at low altitudes work better for men as opposed to women?

A

-Red blood cell formation via EPO is aided by testerone

31
Q

What is Erythropoiesis?

A

Formation of red blood cells

32
Q

What is blood doping? Why does it have dangerous consequences?

A
  • Injecting with testrone + EPO to produce more red blood cells and become more aerobically efficient
  • Consequence is that blood becomes sticky like that of a Polycythemic person. This therefore places strain on the cardiovascular system to push it around and thus can lead to heart diseases
33
Q

What are the hematocrit ranges for men and women?

A 
Men= 0.4-0.54
Women= 0.37-0.47

HUBS192 (38 decks)

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