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FA1 Physiology/Microanatomy 1 > Lecture 5 8/30/23 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 8/30/23 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the central nervous system?

A

-brain
-spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system?

A

-nerves
-ganglia

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3
Q

What does the central nervous system arise from?

A

neuroectoderm

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4
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system arise from?

A

neural crest cells

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of neurons?

A

-main part of cell
-contains the nucleus
-found in the grey matter

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6
Q

What is the role of dendrites?

A

receive signals and relay them to the neuron nucleus

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7
Q

What is the role of axons?

A

convey signals away from neuron nucleus and to cells/target tissues

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8
Q

What is the role of axon terminals?

A

transfer signals to next neuron or target tissue (synapse)

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9
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

-most common neuroglia cell in gray matter
-support and nurture the neuronal cell bodies
-fill the space between neuronal cell bodies
-form blood-brain barrier

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10
Q

How do neuron cells arrange between gray and white matter?

A

-gray matter contains neuronal cell bodies
-white matter contains axons

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11
Q

What is neuropil?

A

the “pink stuff” between nuclei that contains the axons, dendrites, etc.

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12
Q

What are microglia?

A

-mesenchymal cells
-macrophages of the brain

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13
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

cells that line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord

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14
Q

What are oligodendroglia?

A

-most numerous cells in white matter
-wrap around axons to myelinate them

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15
Q

What is the equivalent of oligodendroglia in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells

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16
Q

How do oligodendroglia myelinate the axons?

A

branches of the oligodendroglia cell will wrap around multiple axons and arrange down the entirety of each axon

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17
Q

What are the gaps between oligodendroglia cells?

A

nodes of Ranvier

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18
Q

What is the importance of myelination and nodes of Ranvier?

A

-action potentials move node to node rather than down entire axon
-makes the process faster

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19
Q

What is different about how oligodendroglia cells and Schwann cells myelinate axons?

A

-one oligodendroglia cell myelinates multiple axons
-one Schwann cell myelinates only one axon

20
Q

What are non-myelinated axons?

A

-provide pain sensation
-less myelination, but still myelinated
-slower conduction
-multiple axons “embedded” in a single Schwann cell

21
Q

What is the function of the choroid plexus?

A

makes the cerebrospinal fluid

22
Q

What are the characteristics of the cerebral spinal fluid?

A

-bathes/nurtures central nervous system
-gets re-absorbed into blood
-constant turnover

23
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

when too much water is in the ventricles, leading to them becoming enlarged

24
Q

What are the characteristics of the meninges?

A

-connective tissue layers
-support blood vessels
-contain CSF
-tether brain to bone

25
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges, from outermost to inner most?

A

-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pia mater

26
Q

What is meningitis?

A

inflammation of the meninges

27
Q

What are the sections of the brain?

A

-cerebrum
-cerebellum
-brainstem

28
Q

How are grey matter and white matter arranged in the cerebrum and cerebellum?

A

-gray matter outside
-white matter inside

29
Q

What are gyri?

A

raised portions of the cerebrum

30
Q

What are sulci?

A

the grooves on the cerebrum

31
Q

What is laminar cortical necrosis?

A

death of neural cell bodies in the laminar cortex

32
Q

What is the laminar cortex?

A

various layers of tissue that make up the cerebrum

33
Q

How can you determine whether the brain matter you are looking at microscopically is grey or white matter?

A

-linearity = axons =white matter
-more uniformity = oligodendroglia only = white matter

34
Q

Why is the cerebellum also known as the tree of life?

A

the arrangement of white matter within the gray matter looks like a tree

35
Q

How is the cerebellum microscopically arranged?

A

gray matter:
-outer molecular layer
-row of Purkinje cells
- inner granular cell layer
white matter

36
Q

What are the characteristics of the brainstem organization?

A

-gray matter and white matter mixed
-“nuclei” of gray matter dispersed within white matter

37
Q

How are gray matter and white matter arranged in the spinal cord?

A

-gray matter on the inside (butterfly shape)
-white matter outside

38
Q

What is the central canal?

A

a canal through the spinal cord containing CSF

39
Q

What are sensory nerves?

A

nerves that bring impulses to the spinal cord from the body

40
Q

What are interneurons?

A

nerves that transmit signals between the sensory and motor nerves

41
Q

What are motor nerves?

A

nerves that send impulses from the spinal cord to the target tissue

42
Q

What are ganglia?

A

collections of neurons in the peripheral nervous system

43
Q

What is the role of ganglia?

A

to relay signals from target tissues

44
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

the supportive cells of the peripheral nervous system

45
Q

How do nerves travel?

A

to the target tissues

46
Q

What is a collection of axons called in the CNS?

A

tract

47
Q

What is a collection of axons called in the PNS?

A

nerve

FA1 Physiology/Microanatomy 1 (46 decks)

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