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FA1 Physiology/Microanatomy 1 > Lecture 16 9/19/23 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 9/19/23 Flashcards

1
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

tissue whose main function is to provide structure and support for other tissues

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2
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue (for our class)?

A

-connective tissue proper
-elastic connective tissue
-reticular connective tissue
-adipose tissues
-embryonic connective tissues

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of connective tissue proper?

A

-basic connective tissue
-holds other tissues together
-main cells are fibroblasts
-extracellular matrix contains collagen and ground substance

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of fibroblasts?

A

-spindle-shaped
-produce the extracellular matrix
-important in tissue repair

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5
Q

What happens with fibroblasts in tissue repair?

A

-they transform into myofibroblasts
-have contractile ability
-secrete more extracellular matrix; brings wound together

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of collagen?

A

-long, strong protein fibers
-provide tensile strength
-different arrangements of a-chains lead to different collagen types

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7
Q

What are the two main types of collagen (for our class)?

A

-type 1; main structural collagen
-type 3; reticulin

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of type 1/main structural collagen?

A

-forms ligaments, tendons, dermis, and bone
-shows up as pink fibers on histology

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9
Q

What is the main characteristic of type 3/reticulin?

A

forms lacy structure of parenchymal organs

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of ground substance?

A

-complex carbohydrate and protein meshwork
-attracts water to form a gel
-provides compression resistance
-lubricates and hydrates
-provides nutrient and waste transport

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11
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

-long, unbranched polysaccharide chains
-complex with proteins to form bottlebrush-shaped proteoglycans in ground substance

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12
Q

What is hyaluronic acid?

A

a large glycosaminoglycan that will bind multiple proteoglycans to provide additional structure

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13
Q

What are the two structural glycoproteins?

A

-integrins
-fibronectin

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14
Q

What is the role of integrins?

A

to be embedded in the cell membrane and attach to various molecules, including fibronectin

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15
Q

What is the role of fibronectin?

A

bind integrins to collagen

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16
Q

What is the location/purpose of loose connective tissue?

A

-surrounds vessels/nerves, underlies epithelia, and forms mesentery
-loosely holds tissue together

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17
Q

How can loose connective tissue be identified?

A

-lots of ground substance
-fewer, irregularly arranged collagen fibers
-sparse fibroblasts

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18
Q

What is the location/purpose of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

-forms dermis of skin, submucosa of intestines, and organ capsules
-resists forces/stretch in different directions

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19
Q

How can dense irregular connective tissue be identified?

A

-lots of collagen fibers with many intersecting bundles
-less ground substance
-few fibroblasts

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20
Q

What is the location/purpose of dense regular connective tissue?

A

-forms tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
-resists forces in one direction

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21
Q

How can dense regular connective tissue be identified?

A

-lots of parallel collagen fibers
-less ground substance
-few fibroblasts

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic connective tissue?

A

-high proportion of elastin
-cross-linked structure allowing for stretch and coil

23
Q

What is the location of elastic connective tissue?

A

-arteries
-nuchal ligament
-vocal cords

24
Q

How can elastic connective tissue be identified?

A

-knowing its location
-looking for wavy, dark pink lines in arteries when special stain is used

25
Q

What are the location and function of reticular connective tissue?

A

-forms fine network of reticulin fibers to support parenchymal organs

26
Q

How can reticular connective tissue be identified?

A

-need reticulin stain
-fibers will stain black; nothing else will dye

27
Q

What are the functions of white adipose tissue?

A

-energy storage
-impact protection
-insulation

28
Q

Where can white adipose be found?

A

almost everywhere in the body

29
Q

How can white adipose tissue be identified?

A

-cells are signet-ring shaped
-one large clear lipid droplet
-single large, peripheral nucleus
-occur in clusters/sheets

30
Q

What are the characteristics of brown adipose tissue?

A

-found in neonates, rodents, and hibernating animals
-actively generates heat/involved in thermoregulation
-stays separate from white fat

31
Q

How can brown adipose tissue be identified?

A

-many small lipid droplets
-occur in sheets

32
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

primitive tissue in embryos

33
Q

Where can mucous connective tissue be seen?

A

-in juveniles, around the vessels of the umbilicus
-in adult chickens in the wattles/combs

34
Q

What are the two types of embryonic connective tissue?

A

-mesenchyme
-mucous connective tissue

35
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

tissue that specializes in contration/movement

36
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

-skeletal
-cardiac
-smooth

37
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

A

-primarily voluntary movement
-limited involuntary/semi-voluntary movement

38
Q

How is skeletal muscle organized?

A

-each myofiber muscle cell unit has hundred of myofibrils and is multinucleated
-myofiber muscle cell units form fascicles
-each muscle muscle contains many fascicles

39
Q

What are the characteristics of an individual myofibril?

A

-composed of repeating sarcomeres
-each sarcomere has parallel arrays of actin and myosin
-actin and myosin form visible cross striations

40
Q

How does skeletal muscle appear in longitudinal sections?

A

-long, parallel fibers
-peripheral nuclei
-cross striations

41
Q

How does skeletal muscle appear in transverse sections?

A

-round/polygonal fibers
-peripheral nuclei
-no visible striations
-possible to see individual myofibrils

42
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

-forms myocardium
-involved in involuntary movement of the heartbeat

43
Q

What is the morphology of cardiac muscle?

A

-branched cardiomyocytes
-one central nucleus per cell
-intercalated discs in between cells
-striated

44
Q

What are the characteristics of intercalated discs?

A

-connect adjacent cardiomyocytes
-anchor the myofibrils
-allow for rapid spread of excitatory stimuli

45
Q

What are purkinje cells?

A

cardiomyocytes that specialize in conduction of electrical signals

46
Q

How does cardiac muscle appear in longitudinal sections?

A

-can see branching
-can see cross striations
-can see intercalated discs

47
Q

How does cardiac muscle appear in transverse sections?

A

-cannot see branching, striations, or intercalated discs
-will see irregular cells with central nuclei

48
Q

What is the main function of smooth muscle?

A

involuntary movement

49
Q

What is smooth muscle involved with?

A

-GI tract
-uterus
-blood vessels
-skin
-iris

50
Q

What is the morphology of smooth muscle?

A

-spindle-shaped cells
-no cross-striations

51
Q

How will smooth muscle appear in transverse sections?

A

-variation in cell diameter
-nucleus not seen in all cells

52
Q

How will smooth muscle appear in longitudinal sections?

A

-hard to distinguish individual cells
-lots of parallel, oval-shaped nuclei

53
Q

How can smooth muscle be distinguished from dense irregular CT?

A

-smooth muscle has nuclei closely packed
-dense irregular CT will have sparse nuclei

FA1 Physiology/Microanatomy 1 (46 decks)

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