LECTURE 5 Flashcards
What are the three attitudes you can have towards something?
Positive, negative or ambivalence
- ambivalence means it is partly positive and partly negative.
what are explicit and implicit attitudes and are they changeable?
- implicit: unconscious and not easily explainable
- Explicit: you are aware of them and can explain why you have them
- they can be changed.
What are the three components of attitudes: cognitive, affective and behavioral?
- cognitive is things like your beliefs about something
- Affective component is more unconscious and your feeling about things
- Behavioral component is how you behave because of your attitudes.
What are these four sources of attitudes: Mere exposure, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and self-perception (self-affirmation theory)
- Mere exposure: if you become familiar to something, you come to like it more.
- Classical Conditioning: less conscious, you associate a neutral thing to a positive/negative thing/feeling.
- Operant conditioning: you associate behavior with reward/punishment and this makes you evaluate it as positive or negative
- Self-perception: people derive their attitude from their own behavior. especially when you do not jet have a clear attitude. (I am aroused and I am having dinner with …, so I must like …)
what are these functions of attitudes: Instrumental, knowledge ego-protective and value-expression function.
- Instrumental function: our attitudes help us accomplish our goals and avoid unwanted situations
- Knowledge function: attitudes help us understand the world trough organization and simplification.
- Ego-protective function: protect yourself from inner conflicts and unpleasant truths.
- Value expression function: attitudes are part of your self-concept and expressing them helps show people who you are. (especially central values).
what is more general, attitudes or behavior? when do attitudes predict behavior (2)
Attitudes are more general.
- Specific attitudes predict specific behavior
- General attitudes predict general behavior.
How do these three things influence the intention of behavior and behavior itself? attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms and behavioral control?
- Having an attitude towards something may give you an intention to perform some behavior
- this does not always mean you perform the behavior
- Subjective norm What you belief the norm of behavior is and this influences what your behavioral intention is too.
- Behavioral control means if you can even perform the behavior
What is a descriptive norm for behavior?
you see that other people do something and you assume it is good/safe to do this. Or you ought to do this.
how can you reduce cognitive dissonance: change behavior, change attitude, trivialize, ascribe discrepancy to external factors
- change behavior to fit your attitude
- change attitude to fit your behavior
- trivialize the dissonance to make it less important
- ascribe discrepancy to external factor (“ I had no other choice)
When does the cognitive dissonance cause a change in your attitude (3)?
- Behavior is not consistent with attitude
- The behavior cannot be justified with external factors
- The person feels arousal that is ascribed to the dissonance.
what is post-decision dissonance and effort justification?
- post-decision dissonance: after a though decision, you pay more attention to the positive aspects of your choice to make it seem the obviously superior choice.
- effort justification: if you go trough pain or trouble to join a group, you value it higher.
hoe beïnvloeden Self-interest, Social Identification en Value je attitudebelang?
- self-interest: een attitude kan jouw persoonlijke rechten/privileges verbeteren, waardoor hij belangrijker wordt
- social identification: Een attitude kan nodig zijn om je te kunnen identificeren met een groep, wat hem belangrijker maakt.
- Values: als een attitude voldoet aan je basis waardes kan hij belangrijker gevonden worden
Wat zijn de drie effect als je meer belang hecht aan een attitude?
- Gedrag zal meer overeenkomen met attitude
- Meer neiging om de attitude te uiten
- Kleinere kans dat je hem onderdrukt als het tegen de sociale norm in gaat.
Wat zijn de 4 manieren (Classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, modeling en balance theory) waarop een attitude ontstaat volgens de Theory of Planned Behavior?
- Classical conditioning betekent dat je een goed/slecht gevoel koppelt aan een neutrale stimulus
- Operant conditioning betekent dat je een beloning/straf koppelt aan gedrag
- Modeling betekent dat je attitudes van anderen observeert en overneemt
- balance theory betekent dat je cognitive dissonance voorkomt door je attitude overeenstemmend te maken met je gedrag.
Wat zijn volgens de Theory of Planned behavior de drie aspecten die invloed hebben op de intentie van gedrag?
- de attitude: wat je mening er over is
- de subjectieve norm: wat je denkt dat anderen gepast vinden om te doen
- waargenomen gedragscontrole: of je denkt dat je het gedrag kan uitvoeren
hoe verklaren deze 3 theorieën hoe gedrag ja attitude kan beïnvloeden: Cognitive dissonance, Self-perception theory, Self-affirmation theory
- cognitive dissonance theory: we verminderen dissonantie door onze attitude aan te passen aan ons gedrag
- Self-Perception Theory: als we nog geen attitude hebben kijken we naar ons eigen gedrag/response om te bepalen wat onze attitude dan wel zal zijn
- Self-Affirmation theory: We willen ons consistent voelen en dus willen we dat ons gedrag en attitude overeenkomen.
