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Immunology 2.0 > Lecture 4: Innate Immunity (part I) > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Innate Immunity (part I) Flashcards

1
Q

What is opsonization

A

The process by which a pathogen is marked for elimination

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2
Q

functions of C-reactive protein (pentraxin)

A
  • Opsonization of microbes, activation of complement
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3
Q

Circulating effector proteins of innate immunity

A
  • Complement
  • Mannose-binding lectin (collectin)
  • C-reactive protein (pentraxin)
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4
Q

Cell receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are termed

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

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5
Q

Formyl peptide receptor-1 (FPR1) and all other chemoattractant receptors belong to the ____ superfamily

A

seven-transmembrane, guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding (G) protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily

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6
Q

What TLRs recognize extracellular pathogens

A
  • TLR-1
  • TLR-2
  • TLR-4
  • TLR-5
  • TLR-6
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7
Q

What TLRs recognize intracellular pathogens

A
  • TLR-3
  • TLR-7
  • TLR- 8
  • TLR-9
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8
Q

What TLR(s) recognize Bacterial lipopeptides

A
  • TLR-1:TLR-2
  • TLR-6:TLR-2
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9
Q

What TLR(s) recognize bacterial peptidoglycan

A

TLR-2

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10
Q

What TLR(s) recognize LPS

A
  • TLR-4
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11
Q

What TLR(s) recognize bacterial flagellin

A
  • TLR-5
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12
Q

Which TLR(s) recognize dsRNA

A
  • TLR-3
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13
Q

Which TLR(s) recognize ssRNA

A
  • TLR-7
  • TLR-8
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14
Q

Which TLR(s) recognize CpG DNA

A
  • TLR-9
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15
Q

What are the major transcription factors activated by TLR signaling pathways are

A
  • Nuclear factor kB (NF-kB)
  • Activation protein (AP-1)
  • Interferon response factor 3 (IRF3)
  • Interferon response factor 7(IRF7)
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16
Q

Which TLR(s) use the adaptor protein MyD88 to activate the transcription factors NF-kB and AP-1

A
  • TLRs that only use MyD88 to activate transcription factors NF-kB and AP-1
    • TLR-1
    • TLR-2
    • TLR-5
    • TLR-6
  • TLR that can use MyD88 to activate transcription factors NF-kB and AP-1 but can also use TRIF to activate interferon transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7
    • TLR-4
  • TLRs that can use both MyD88 to activate NF-kB and IRF7
    • TLR-7
    • TLR-9
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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Which TLRs can induce both inflammatory and antiviral responses

A
  • TLR-7
  • TLR-9
  • TLR-4
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19
Q

All TLRs except ____ signal through MyD88 and are therefore capable of activating NF-kB and inducing an inflammatory response

A
  • TLR-3
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20
Q

Which TLR(s) use adaptor protein TRIF

A
  • only use adaptor protein TRIF
    • TLR-3
  • is able to use both TRIF and MyD88
    • TLR4
21
Q

Which TLRs activate IRF transcription factors

A
  • Use adaptor protein TRIF only to activate transcription IRF transcription factors
    • TLR3
    • TLR4 (is able to use adaptor protein MyD88 to activate NF-kB pathway)
  • Use adaptor protein MyD88 to activate IRFs and NF-kB
    • TLR7
    • TLR9
22
Q

What cells have TLR1:TLR2, TLR2:TLR6

A
  • Monocytes
  • Denritic cells
  • eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • mast cells
23
Q

TLR3 Is found on what cells

A

NK cells

24
Q

TLR4 are found on what cells

A
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • Mast cells
  • Eosinophils
25
Q

TLR5 is found on what cells

A
  • Intestinal epithelium
26
Q

What cells is TLR7 found on

A
  • Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
  • NK cells
  • Eosinophils
  • B cells
27
Q

TLR8 is found on what cells

A

NK cells

28
Q

TLR9 is found on what cells

A
  • Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
  • B cells
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
29
Q

What TLRs are expressed on many innate cells as well as on B cells

A

TLR7 and TLR9

30
Q

Explain TLR4 LPS signaling in Macrophages

A
  • A complex of TLR4, MD2, CD14 and LPS is assembled at the macrophage surface
  • MyD88 binds TLR4 and activates IRAK4 to phosphorylate TRAF6, which leads to the posphorylation and activation of IKK
  • IKK phosphorylates IkB, leading to its degradation and the release of NFkB, which enters the nucleus
  • NFkB activates transcription of genes for inflammatory cytokines, which are synthesized in the cytoplasm and secreted via the ER
31
Q

When do macrophages arrive at inflammatory site

A

16-48 hrs

32
Q

IL-12 (IL-12R) is a heterodimer composed of beta1 and beta2 subunits, both of which are members of the type ____ cytokine receptor family

A

Type I cytokine receptor family

33
Q

_______ is a protein that is passively released during necrosis and uses the RAGE receptor to activate NF-kB pathway

A

High mobility group box (HMGB1)

34
Q

HMGB1, HSPs, and Uric acid are all examples of ____ thst can acivate NF-kB pathway

A

DAMPs

35
Q

NOD-like receptors (NLRs) act as ____ proteins that assemble signaling platforms that trigger NF-kB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. They also control the activation of the inflammatory ____

A
  • Scaffolding proteins
  • Inflammatory caspases
36
Q

NLRs respod ot cytosolic PAMPs and DAMPs by binding other proteins and forming signaling complexes called ______. By recruitment to the complex, ________ activate the enzyme caspase-1 (a protease with cystein residue in the active site), which main function is

A
  • inflammasome
  • inflammasomes
  • Caspase-1 main function is to cleave the inactive cytoplasmic precursor forms of two homologous cyokines called IL-1ß and IL-18 (proinflammatory cytokines)
37
Q

Scavenger receptors comprise a structurally and functionally diverse collection of cell surface proteins that were originally grouped on the basis of the common characteristic of

A

mediating the uptake of oxidized lipoproteins into cells.

38
Q

Scavenger receptors (SRs) are trimeric complexes of

A

type II transmembrane polypeptides

39
Q

The scavenger receptor (SR) family consists fo

A
  • Scavenger receptor class A type I
  • Scavenger receptor class A type II
  • MARCO
40
Q

What are 3 distince extracellular structural domains in SRs

A
  • SR cystein rich (SRCR) domain (absent in SR-A II)
  • The collagen-like domain, which is implicated in the binding of polyanionic ligands
  • The alpha-helical coiled-coil domain (absent in MARCO)
41
Q

SRs bind various bacterial constituents based on ___ charges of bacterial LPS, Lipoteichoic acid, nucleic acids, ß-glucan, and proteins

A

negative

42
Q

Lectin family receptors contain a conserved carbohydrate recognition domain for recognition of

A

microbial mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, and ß-glucans

43
Q

Defensins are small cationic peptides that contain both

A

cationic and hydrophobic regions

44
Q

Defensins are produced by epithelial cells of mucosal surfaces and by granule-containing luekocytes, including

A

neutrophils, NK cells, and CTLs

45
Q

Defensins have direct toxicity to microbes, including

A
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • enveloped viruses
46
Q

Defensins kill microbes by

A

inserting into and disrupting functions of the microbial membranes

47
Q

Cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides produced by

A

neutrophils and barrier epithlial cells in the skin, GI tract, and respiratory tract

48
Q

Cathelicidins have multiple anitmicrobial mechanisms including

A
  • Direct toxicity to microorganisms and the activation of leukocytes
  • Some bind and neutralize LPS
  • Some play an anti-inflammatory role by binding to DNA and blocking inflammasome activation

Immunology 2.0 (25 decks)

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